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High-dimensional time-energy entanglement-based quantum key distribution using dispersive optics

Catherine Lee, Zheshen Zhang, Jacob Mower, Greg Steinbrecher, Hongchao Zhou, Ligong Wang, Xiaolong Hu, Robert D. Horansky, Varun Boehm Verma, Michael S. Allman, Adriana E. Lita, Richard P. Mirin, Francesco Marsili, Andrew D. Beyer, Matthew D. Shaw, Sae Woo Nam, Gregory W. Wornell, Franco N. C. Wong, Jeffrey H. Shapiro, Dirk Englund

Published Jan 1, 2014• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We implement a high-dimensional quantum key distribution protocol secure against collective attacks. We transform between conjugate measurement bases using group velocity dispersion. We obtain > 3 secure bits per photon coincidence.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2014.fm4a.3

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables participants to exchange secret information over long distances with unconditional security. However, the performance of today's QKD systems is subject to hardware limitations, such as those of available nonclassical-light sources and single-photon detectors. By encoding photons in high-dimensional states, the rate of generating secure information under these technical constraints can be maximized. Here, we demonstrate a complete time-energy entanglement-based QKD system with proven security against the broad class of arbitrary collective attacks. The security of the system is based on nonlocal dispersion cancellation between two time-energy entangled photons. This resource-efficient QKD system is implemented at telecommunications wavelength, is suitable for optical fiber and free-space links, and is compatible with wavelength-division multiplexing.
High-dimensional quantum key distribution (HDQKD) offers the possibility of high secure-key rate with high photon-information efficiency. We consider HDQKD based on the time-energy entanglement produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion and show that it is secure against collective attacks. Its security rests upon visibility data-obtained from Franson and conjugate-Franson interferometers-that probe photon-pair frequency correlations and arrival-time correlations. From these measurements, an upper bound can be established on the eavesdropper's Holevo information by translating the Gaussian-state security analysis for continuous-variable quantum key distribution so that it applies to our protocol. We show that visibility data from just the Franson interferometer provides a weaker, but nonetheless useful, secure-key rate lower bound. To handle multiple-pair emissions, we incorporate the decoy-state approach into our protocol. Our results show that over a 200-km transmission distance in optical fiber, time-energy entanglement HDQKD could permit a 700-bit/sec secure-key rate and a photon information efficiency of 2 secure-key bits per photon coincidence in the key-generation phase using receivers with a 15% system efficiency.