Why do photons and speeding electrons have both wave features and particle features when common sense tells us that they should be either particle or wave and not an amalgam of both? Part I of this paper deals with photons and argues that there are flaws in the assumptions we have made regarding their particle nature. The argument depends upon distinguishing between two identities of the photon, namely unstored energy and its stored (relativistic) mass. Part II extends these arguments to the case of the speeding electron and argues that current ontological assumptions made about projectiles have exacerbated our confusion about the nature of moving electrons. When regarded ontologically, projectile motion is not as simple as has been assumed by both classical and modern physics.
Why do photons and speeding electrons have both wave features and particle features when common sense tells us that they should be either particle or wave and not an amalgam of both? Part I of this paper deals with photons and argues that there are flaws in the assumptions we have made regarding their particle nature. The argument depends upon distinguishing between two identities of the photon, namely unstored energy and its stored (relativistic) mass. Part II extends these arguments to the case of the speeding electron and argues that current ontological assumptions made about projectiles have exacerbated our confusion about the nature of moving electrons. When regarded ontologically, projectile motion is not as simple as has been assumed by both classical and modern physics.
Part I looks at duality for the photon; Part II does the same for the electron. The traditional division of kinetic energy between radiation (E = hf) and matter-in-motion (E = 1/2 mv2) is reexamined permitting new insights into duality. \n \nAn in-flight photon displays wave characteristics. Such a photon can interfere with itself and take all available space paths as a wave. In addition, photons pass through one another like waves whereas particles impact each other. It is only when the photon terminates on a material object and gives up its energy – and ceases to be a photon – that particle characteristics appear, namely: 1) the photon is finally space located; and 2) oscillation ceases. This suggests that the photon’s wave and particle nature do not overlap. Understanding photon termination as a release of mass stored, rather than particle impact, permits a better understanding of presumed wave-particle duality for the photon.
Photons deliver their energy and momentum to a point on a material target. It is commonplace to attribute this to particle impact. But since the in-flight photon also has a wave nature, we are stuck with the paradox of wave-particle duality. It is argued here that the photon’s wave nature is indisputable, but its particle nature is open to question. Photons deliver energy. The problem with invoking impact as a means of delivery is that energy becomes a payload which in turn requires a particle. This assumes that energy is always a payload and there is but one mode of energy delivery; surely two unsupported assumptions. It should be possible to explain photon termination without invoking particle impact. One approach offered here is to question the assumption that the photon is a unitary object. Perhaps the photon has two linked-but-distinct identities: one supporting wave behavior and the other supporting discrete behavior. It is the latter that might imitate particle impact.
The velocity is a macroscopic concept. The question what is the meaning of velocity in Quantum Mechanics( QM) ,this problem itself is inno answersituation. In the semi-classical theory,for the reconstruction of the velocity definition,we have v→= ▽S / m[m is the particle's mass and ψ = Aexp( j S /h) ]. This method builds the relation of velocity and wave function,but it is not the necessary and useful concept of wave's speed. The velocity of light in vacuum is a common basic constant of physics,however QM also need this parameter obviously,i. e. the new wave mechanics is on need of this physical quantity.The process and result of people's practice show that,scientist has intended to bring forth in the measurement of c with very high accuracy does stand out,if he used the scalar equation c = fλ. Modern physics maintain that the wave velocities( phase velocityvp、group velocity vg) are scalars,not vectors.The wave has its special scientific features; the regular pattern is different from the Classical Mechanics( CM). It needs supports of the QM,but it is not identical with the serious QM. Now,it has not only a theory that can explain the wave problems perfectly,so it is support by the classical physics and quantum physics.The quantization process of EM fields explains the particle-wave duality mathematically. Post quantization,from the EM fields we obtained the photons. But scientist still is puzzled by a difficult question:what is photon. As the common knowledge,the matter waves of photon still a paradox in physics. In addition,the electronic probability waves corresponding the Schrdinger equation,but people says the photonic probability waves have not that wave equation. In other words,the physical meanings of matter wave's phase velocity are not clear,and why the phase velocity of de Broglie waves is faster-than-light,many explanations will be needed.Many instances similar to these examples make the particle-wave duality still the magic ghost in modern physics. Finally,the study on negative wave velocity( NWV) in recent years has a great deal of experience on wave sciences,and bring the new chance on theoretical thinking.
The photon is typically regarded as a unitary object that is both particle-discrete and wave-continuous. This is a paradoxical position and we live with it by making dualism a fundamental feature of radiation. It is argued here that the photon is not unitary; rather it has two identities, one supporting discrete behavior and the other supporting continuous (wave) behavior. There is photon kinetic energy that is always discrete/localized on arrival; it never splits (on half-silvered mirrors) or diffracts (in pinholes or slits). Then there is the photon’s probability wavefront that is continuous and diffractable. Acknowledging that the photon has two identities explains the photon’s dual nature. And wave-particle duality is central to quantum mechanics. Understanding it leads to new insights into the photon’s constant velocity and its entanglement with another photon.
We argue that in classical mechanics there exist at least two types of measurements of a constant moving particle. (This may be extended to an accelerating one.) First there is the x(t) description which is sometimes considered a complete description of the mechanical case. This implies one may measure position and time of the particle successively and thus know about its behaviour in space and time. We argue that there is a second measurement which is not one of space or time, but rather of impulse. A constant moving particle may strike a foil at any place in its path at any time (if one has an ensemble of such classical particles) and the foil will “recognize” that it has been hit by a momentum p. In quantum mechanics we argue that there are also two types of measurement for a free particle. The first is the identical momentum impulse measurement i.e. the particle strikes a foil which recognizes it has momentum p. There seems to be no quantum feature to this. Such a measurement has already been performed classically for photons. This is the “particle” like measurement which has nothing to do with wave features. A. Einstein in 1905 in his work on the photoelectric effect already noted that particle type behaviour of a photon. The second type of measurement deals with spatial features which are very different from x(t). A quantum free particle is represented by exp(ipx) which contains “p” which may be measured by an impulse. We argue, however, that spatial features, unlike those for a classical wave in which the medium and wave disturbance are separated, require interference i.e. the summing of exp(ipx) and exp(i p1 x) or exp(i p1 x) or exp(i p (x+b)) or exp(i p1 (x+b1)). Thus exp(ipx) behaves like a complex probability. Mathematically it has a modulus of 1 which is said to be linked to equal probability for it to be at any x. Why should this be relevant? We argue that it is because of the impulse measurement which indicates that a p hit may occur at any x. We further argue that exp(ipx) behaves as part of a projection operator because it is orthogonal to other exp(ip1x)’s. It is this orthogonality which seems to allow for one to build a probability medium, but requires W*(x)W(x)=P(x). In such a case, a*(p)a(p) terms create the medium from which probability may be added and removed by cross terms exp(ip1 x) exp(ip2 x). Orthogonality ensures that overall what is added and removed cancel. Thus there are two levels of probability, one at W(x) linked to OR situations created by interactions which reveal the spatial nature of a quantum free particle and the other W*(x)W(x).
Confirmation of the theory under discussion Wave - Particle Duality as Kinetic Energy Against and In Direction of Motion in discussion group Theoretical Physics !!!! Eureka !!!! Light Captures as Both Particle and Wave Sergey V. Efremov @Sergey V., Thank you, thank you, thank you, thank you very much .... In a Physics First, Light is Captured as Both Particle and Wave Physicists have theorized for over a century that light acts as both a particle and a wave, depending on the conditions, but they've never been able to capture it being both at once — until a team in Switzerland did just that in a recent experiment. Scientists at the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne managed to take a snapshot of light in all its elusive wave-particle duality, a form first proposed by Einstein in 1905. It was no easy task: You need light in order to take pictures of things, but how do you take a picture of light itself? The EPFL team, led by Fabrizio Carbone, started by exposing a tiny metallic nanowire to a pulse of laser light. The light travels up and down this wire and interferes with itself, forming stationary and illustrating that portion of light's dual nature. At the same time, though, those waves are made of innumerable photons. This was shown by barraging the standing waves with electrons — some of which would speed up, and some slow down, depending on how they strike photons in the stream. The simple fact that these quanta of exchanged energy exist proves that there are particles there, not just a simple waveform of radiation (like a magnetic field). The result is the image above, which shows light exhibiting wavelike and particle-like properties at the same time. This research, published in the journal Nature Communications, significantly advances our understanding of how light works on the smallest detectable scales, and may be highly valuable in the field of quantum computing. It is fully in line with Wave - Particle Duality as Kinetic Energy Against and In Direction of Motion. Kinetic energy of a charge moving at the velocity of v has two different values: Kinetic energy against direction of motion as wave in transmission medium (as the energy of the electromagnetic field) Tkin ad = mc2[ln |1+v/c|- (v/c)/(1+v/c)] Kinetic energy in direction of motion as particle (as its own kinetic energy of particle ) Tkin id = mc2[ln |1-v/c|+ (v/c)/(1-v/c)]