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Il Nuovo cimento della Società italiana di fisica. B/Il Nuovo cimento B

On the hypothesis that quantum mechanics has a nonlocal structure

William J. Lehr

Published Dec 1, 1985• 2 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf02722904

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The True Nature of Quantum Tunneling, Non-Signal Control Theory, and the PQ (Perception Quantum) Unified Model

Matsubara, Koji

Abstract This paper presents a fundamental re-examination of quantum entanglement, nonlocality, and the limits of standard quantum mechanics by introducing a new theoretical framework: No-Signal Control Theory (NSC theory).The approach proposes that a quantum state cannot be fully described within a conventional single-layer Hilbert space. Instead, it must be formulated within a two-layer Hilbert-space structure, consisting of: an observable layer, and a structural layer. This two-layer Hilbert space model provides a unified explanation for several reproducible IBM Quantum device experiments that challenge standard interpretations of quantum mechanics. These experimentally confirmed and highly repeatable effects include: Nonlocal Hadamard switching: the H-gate changes a remote qubit’s measurement probability (from 0→1/2 or 1→1/2), acting as a nonlocal structural switch without transmitting classical information. CNOT order dependence: the measurement distribution shifts significantly depending on whether the control and target qubits are swapped, indicating a structural asymmetry not accounted for by standard quantum theory. NS/EW basis stability asymmetry: distinct stability differences between the north–south (NS) and east–west (EW) basis states, demonstrating the presence of a hidden structural layer. Collectively, these results suggest that remote operations do not transmit information but do transmit structure, preserving compatibility with the no-signaling principle while revealing a deeper mechanism behind nonlocal quantum behavior.This also connects directly to the proposed PQ (Perception Quantum) Unified Model, which interprets quantum tunneling, CNOT asymmetry, and structural recoil within the same two-layer framework. [Supplementary Material] Title: Visual Guide to NSC Theory and the PQ Hypothesis This supplementary document provides a visual and geometric interpretation of the proposed Two-Story Quantum Structure, complementing the theoretical and experimental results presented in the main paper. Key Contents: Visualization of the Two-Layer Structure:Diagrammatic representations of the Observation Layer (“Window”) and the Structure Layer (“Arrow”). Physical Interpretation of Quantum Gates:How the Hadamard (H) gate rotates the observation layer, and how the CNOT gate copies structural directionality, creating asymmetric recoil effects. Mechanism of Recoil & Tunneling:Intuitive diagrams explaining the “structural recoil” in asymmetric CNOT operations and the time-reversal interpretation of quantum tunneling within the PQ unified framework. This guide is intended to help researchers intuitively understand the physical mechanisms underlying NSC theory, PQ theory, and the proposed two-layer Hilbert-space formulation of quantum mechanics.[Update: November 29, 2025] Added Supplementary Material B: Provides Python source code and experimental records verifying the Nonlocal Structural Switching and Resonance via IBM Quantum hardware. This serves as experimental proof of the NSC Theory.

•Nov 27, 2025•0 citations
We start with citing a seminal paper by Josephson-Pallikari-Viras, that biological entities can be assumed to be able to communicate nonlocally, i.e., instantaneously. However, they also admit that the underlying mechanism of such an entangled communication is not clear yet from the wave mechanical equations. Similar arguments have been pointed out by several authors, citing that quantum equations themselves have not described anything on a possible mechanism of quantum-type interaction between two biological entities. This chapter intends to fill that research gap by suggesting a new hypothesis of spin supercurrent as a physical mechanism, based on the assumption of macroquantum condensate having nonlocal effects. Moreover, we also draw several potential applications including superconductor quasi-crystalline structure of space and plausible new method of quantum communication. Such an argument is outlined herein partly based on our personal encounter with astrophysical quantization in the past 17 years or so.
The aim of this note is to attract attention of the quantum foundational community to the fact that in Bell’s arguments, one cannot distinguish two hypotheses: (a) quantum mechanics is nonlocal, (b) quantum mechanics is nonergodic. Therefore, experimental violations of Bell’s inequality can be as well interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that stochastic processes induced by quantum measurements are nonergodic. The latter hypothesis was discussed actively by Buonomano since 1980. However, in contrast to Bell’s hypothesis on nonlocality, it did not attract so much attention. The only experiment testing the hypothesis on nonergodicity was performed in neutron interferometry (by Summhammer, in 1989). This experiment can be considered as rejecting this hypothesis. However, it cannot be considered as a decisive experiment. New experiments are badly needed. We point out that a nonergodic model can be realistic, i.e. the distribution of hidden (local!) variables is well-defined. We also discuss coupling of violation of the Bell inequality with violation of the condition of weak mixing for ergodic dynamical systems.
Abstract This paper presents a fundamental re-examination of quantum entanglement, nonlocality, and the limits of standard quantum mechanics by introducing a new theoretical framework: No-Signal Control Theory (NSC theory).The approach proposes that a quantum state cannot be fully described within a conventional single-layer Hilbert space. Instead, it must be formulated within a two-layer Hilbert-space structure, consisting of: an observable layer, and a structural layer. This two-layer Hilbert space model provides a unified explanation for several reproducible IBM Quantum device experiments that challenge standard interpretations of quantum mechanics. These experimentally confirmed and highly repeatable effects include: Nonlocal Hadamard switching: the H-gate changes a remote qubit’s measurement probability (from 0→1/2 or 1→1/2), acting as a nonlocal structural switch without transmitting classical information. CNOT order dependence: the measurement distribution shifts significantly depending on whether the control and target qubits are swapped, indicating a structural asymmetry not accounted for by standard quantum theory. NS/EW basis stability asymmetry: distinct stability differences between the north–south (NS) and east–west (EW) basis states, demonstrating the presence of a hidden structural layer. Collectively, these results suggest that remote operations do not transmit information but do transmit structure, preserving compatibility with the no-signaling principle while revealing a deeper mechanism behind nonlocal quantum behavior.This also connects directly to the proposed PQ (Perception Quantum) Unified Model, which interprets quantum tunneling, CNOT asymmetry, and structural recoil within the same two-layer framework. [Supplementary Material] Title: Visual Guide to NSC Theory and the PQ Hypothesis This supplementary document provides a visual and geometric interpretation of the proposed Two-Story Quantum Structure, complementing the theoretical and experimental results presented in the main paper. Key Contents: Visualization of the Two-Layer Structure:Diagrammatic representations of the Observation Layer (“Window”) and the Structure Layer (“Arrow”). Physical Interpretation of Quantum Gates:How the Hadamard (H) gate rotates the observation layer, and how the CNOT gate copies structural directionality, creating asymmetric recoil effects. Mechanism of Recoil & Tunneling:Intuitive diagrams explaining the “structural recoil” in asymmetric CNOT operations and the time-reversal interpretation of quantum tunneling within the PQ unified framework. This guide is intended to help researchers intuitively understand the physical mechanisms underlying NSC theory, PQ theory, and the proposed two-layer Hilbert-space formulation of quantum mechanics.[Update: November 29, 2025] Added Supplementary Material B: Provides Python source code and experimental records verifying the Nonlocal Structural Switching and Resonance via IBM Quantum hardware. This serves as experimental proof of the NSC Theory.