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Ukrainian Mathematical Journal

Hamiltonian analysis of exact integrability of the quantum 3-level superradiance Dicke model

Roman V. Samulyak

Published Sep 1, 1992• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/bf01058377

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The equilibrium properties of a system of N two-level atoms interacting with a quantized field, the so-called Dicke model of superradiance, are evaluated exactly by the 'thermodynamically equivalent Hamiltonian' method of Bogoliubov et at. (1957). The results are identical with those obtained by Hepp and Lieb (1973) and Wang and Hioe (1973). The thermodynamically equivalent Hamiltonian is shown to be equivalent to the mean field Hamiltonian of the Ising model, which indicates why the transition from the 'normal' to the 'superradiant' state of the Dicke model is similar to the transition from the disordered to the ordered state of the Ising model.
We employ a generalized Dicke model to study theoretically the quantum criticality of an extended two-level atomic ensemble interacting with a single-mode quantized light field. Effective Hamiltonians are derived and diagonalized to investigate numerically their eigenfrequencies for different quantum phases in the system. Based on the analysis of the eigenfrequencies, an intriguing quantum-phase transition from a normal phase to a superradiant phase is revealed clearly, which is quite different from that observed with a standard Dicke model.
The Dicke model is a paradigmatic quantum-optical model describing the interaction of a collection of two-level systems with a single bosonic mode. Effective implementations of this model made it possible to observe the emergence of superradiance, i.e., cooperative phenomena arising from the collective nature of light-matter interactions. Via reservoir engineering and analogue quantum simulation techniques, current experimental platforms allow us not only to implement the Dicke model but also to design more exotic interactions, such as the two-photon Dicke model. In the Hamiltonian case, this model presents an interesting phase diagram characterized by two quantum criticalities: a superradiant phase transition and a spectral collapse, that is, the coalescence of discrete energy levels into a continuous band. Here, we investigate the effects of both qubit and photon dissipation on the phase transition and on the instability induced by the spectral collapse. Using a mean-field decoupling approximation, we analytically obtain the steady-state expectation values of the observables signaling a symmetry breaking, identifying a first-order phase transition from the normal to the superradiant phase. Our stability analysis unveils a very rich phase diagram, which features stable, bistable, and unstable phases depending on the dissipation rate.