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International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering

Simplified Channel Authentication Algorithm for Secure Quantum Key Distribution

Mohamed Youssef Khalaf Elwadeya, Khalid A. Saeed Al-Khateeb, Nurul Fadzlin Hasbullah

Published Sep 1, 2014• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is characterized by the implementation of the principles of quantum mechanics in distributing the symmetric cryptographic key between two communicating stations. The quantum channel through which a light beam travels and then examined quantum-mechanically is governed by several quantum cryptographic protocols. This paper presents a simplified algorithm of the quantum authentication process (QAP) of the six-state deterministic quantum protocol (6DP). The proposed setup replaces the nonlinear crystal BBO which is responsible for the second harmonic generation process with a simple polarization splitting using Glan Thompson Polarizer (GTP).

DOI
10.1109/iccce.2014.93

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) is characterized by the implementation of the principles of quantum mechanics in distributing the symmetric cryptographic key between two communicating stations. The quantum channel through which a light beam travels and then examined quantum-mechanically is governed by several quantum cryptographic protocols. This paper presents a simplified algorithm of the quantum authentication process (QAP) of the six-state deterministic quantum protocol (6DP). The proposed setup replaces the nonlinear crystal BBO which is responsible for the second harmonic generation process with a simple polarization splitting using Glan Thompson Polarizer (GTP).
QKD occurs over two communication channels: classical and quantum. While the quantum channel is somewhat secure by quantum principles, the classical channel need to be authenticated using cryptographic algorithms. Unfortunately, the authentication algorithms and the methods suggested are not taking into consideration the problems practical implementations are facing. Moreover, there are areas which has not been discussed by the literature such as the quantum application layer in communication over classical channel. This study identifies the hurdles practical implementations of QKD are facing and proposes a solution which take into consideration these needs. Moreover, it suggests new protocols and approaches suitable for QKD post processing authentication.
Security is the most tedious problem in highly sensitive communications. Quantum security is the key issue in solving the problem. A key distribution protocol based on the use of hash functions is proposed. The essential part of the protocol depends on sending a string of random characters from sender to receiver. Then, a selected hash or a cascade of two hash functions and a long-term shared secret are used to construct the key. Consequently, the session key is generated on-site by independently applying a hash function on the random string at the sender and receiver sides. This protocol requires a reliable method of authentication. Therefore, it is further proposed to use an out-of-band authentication methodology based on the deterministic six-state quantum authentication protocol that is referred to as 6DP.
Security is the most tedious problem in highly sensitive communications. Quantum security is the key issue in solving the problem. A key distribution protocol based on the use of hash functions is proposed. The essential part of the protocol depends on sending a string of random characters from sender to receiver. Then, a selected hash or a cascade of two hash functions and a long-term shared secret are used to construct the key. Consequently, the session key is generated on-site by independently applying a hash function on the random string at the sender and receiver sides. However, this protocol requires a reliable method of authentication. Therefore, it is further proposed to use an out-of-band authentication methodology based on the deterministic six-state quantum protocol that is referred to as 6DP.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a secure communication that uses a quantum encryption protocol in quantum physics using the principle of quantum mechanics. It solves the problems of key distribution between the sender and receiver and uses a special quantum channel to transfer keys in classical computers and also in the field of quantum computing (QC) in the future. Various protocols are designed in quantum key distribution to ensure the security and integrity of data from any surveillance or attack from some eavesdroppers when sending quantum states (photons) through a special quantum communication channel. The analysis of the device is used in the effective simulation process using quantum entanglement technology. The use of OptiSystem software is a simulation application Optical is used in telecommunications. When using for 6DP in distributing quantum keys across the optical fiber channel, quantitative results appear in 6 using networking technology. We improved in the sifted key rate and the QBER rate. Through these results, we believe 6DP is more secure and reliable. For the rest of the protocols in the distribution of quantum keys using quantum entanglement.
Currently many symmetric key cryptographic tools which are known to be quantum-safe. They all share Secret symmetric keys through an untrusted medium which is usually done with public key methods which are prone to quantum attacks. One among the recommended solutions to the key distribution problem is Quantum Key Distribution (QKD). QKD utilizes an authenticated Communication channel along with a quantum communication channel so that a secret key is generated. Whatever may be the protocol to implement proposed QKD, they all need both a quantum channel, and an authenticated classical. OTP (One Time Pad) is used when two parties wish to communications have to share a key called pad. This pad is a randomly generated key and the length of the key should be equal to the message so it can be sent. The proposed QKD parameters that result in almost 35.67% smaller keys for quantum security and an implementation of QKD in network which is publicly available and usable in practice.
Quantum Cryptography (QC) is the emerging field of the current world and the potential player of the future. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is the matured discipline of QC and available in the market to establish a secret key between parties. In order to achieve in multiparty, basically quantum entanglement has been applied over a theoretical settings. However, due to practical limitation, entanglement based research has a feasible difficulty with current technology. The thesis principal goal is to propose a framework for quantum protocol layer for secure key management without entanglement over multiparty environment. In the secret key management, conference key or Multiparty QKD (MQKD) and joint-venture key or Public Shared Secret Quantum Key (PSSQK) protocols acted as a top layer and quantum user authentication scheme as a middle layer and the standard QKD operation as a bottom layer. The proposed secrete key management protocols are based on secret key between parties using QKD, modified error correction code and linear independent matrix. These protocols require only classical communication and yield higher secret key rate regardless of distance and noise. The security analysis using guessing entropy has applied and results shows only negligible amount information can be extracted during eavesdropping. The challenge-challenge response technique has been applied to proposed quantum user authentication scheme for verification of quantum user. This is a bidirectional authentication scheme and requires both quantum and classical channel to execute and has two modes of operation, i.e., initial and session authentication.Due to deterministic key distribution orientation, the efficiency of protocol reaches up to 100% in terms of reduction of photon wastage during communication. Further, this scheme is resilient to various quantum security attacks However, this scheme requires noiseless quantum channel in order to detect the insider and outsider attacks during authentication. A GUI based discrete event simulation has developed using OptiSystem™ in order to test the practical feasibility of proposed quantum cryptography protocol layer. The polarized based discrete variable QKD protocols have been designed and analyzed. Due to lack of real receiver setup, the results have showed lower quantum bit error rate. Further, we analyzed the impact of polarization structure of qubit due to noise, loss and distance over fiber optics and free space. A multiparty QKD setuphas been designed based on frequency division multiplexing (FDM) centralized quantum channel server. This approach reduces the requirement of total quantum channel from N*(N-1)/2 to N and each party requires one quantum channel to communicate with all other parties. The bit commitment protocol and message authentication in the layer has considered for the future research direction.