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The Review of Laser Engineering

Optical Phase Conjugation and Image Reconstruction.

Hui‐Tian Wang

Published Jan 1, 1999• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We review the concept and generation methods of phase conjugate waves. They are particularly emphasizedon optical phase conjugation with the photorefractive effects. Applications of phase conjugation are describedand methods of distorted image reconstruction in one-way image transmission, using both phase conjugationand photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent conversion techniques, are highlighted.

DOI
10.2184/lsj.27.89

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We review the concept and generation methods of phase conjugate waves. They are particularly emphasizedon optical phase conjugation with the photorefractive effects. Applications of phase conjugation are describedand methods of distorted image reconstruction in one-way image transmission, using both phase conjugationand photorefractive incoherent-to-coherent conversion techniques, are highlighted.
Optical phase conjugation is concerned with the use of nonlinear optical effects to precisely reverse the direction of propagation of each plane wave in an arbitrary beam of light. This causes the return beam to exactly retrace the path of the incident beam, leading to many applications of automatic pointing and tracking (even in the presence of an inhomogeneous medium). The main goals of this course are familiarization with how each of the many nonlinear optical effects gives rise to a phase conjugate signal, and understanding and appreciation of the many potential applications for optical phase conjugation. Conjugation techniques involving Kerr-like degenerate four-wave mixing, resonant degenerate four-wave mixing, stimulated Brillouin scattering, photorefractive effects, surface phenomena, and others will be carefully reviewed. Applications of particular importance to this course will include distortion correction, pointing, tracking, laser-resonator design, optical information processing, etc. Throughout the course, key references will be identified for those wishing to pursue any topic more vigorously.
Summary form only given. In this tallk I will try to supplement what I learned in the field. Here are the topics to be touched on. The order is not historical, but serves a tutorial purpose. 1. Time reversibility (TR) of optical wave propagation. 2. Mathematical description of TR in terms of complex amplitudes and complex conjugate amplitudes. 3. Static holography by real and conjugate images. 4.Static holography: illumination by counterpropagating reference waves at the recording and reconstruction stages. 5. Dynamic holography/four-wave mixing for phase conjugation (R. Hellwarth, A. Yariv, Yariv-Pepper instability. 6. Delayed and hidden holograms, photon echoes, electro-acoustic echoes. 7. Two-photon coherence, fast nonlinearities and three-wave mixing via X(2) nonlinearity. 8. Yet unrealized: Bragg (periodic domain). Time-domain phase conjugation: reversal of chirp and compensation of the dispersion spread in fibers. 10. Why a laser may (and may not) oscillate at a single transverse mode: discrimination of gain/loss. 11. Phase conjugation via stimulated Brillouin scattering (V.V. Ragulsky; V.V. Shkunov). 12. Brillouin-enhanced four-wave mixing for phase conjugation, ten to the tenth power amplification of the image (G.A. Pasmanik). 13. Photorefractive crystals: nonlinear response at low intensity at a cost of long build-up time. 14. Double phase conjugation 15. Feinberg's cat and cat conjugator.
The real-time information processing and manipulation of electromagnetic waves using nonlinear Qptical techniques has resulted in a myriad of new applications in diverse fields such as quantum electronics, image processing, optical computing, adaptive optics, and nonlinear spectroscopy. In this paper, we review and explore the field, provide a historical perspective, analyze several of the nonlinear interactions useful for the generation of phase-conjugate replicas, and conclude with a brief survey of potential applications and suitable nonlinear media.
The demonstration of optical phase conjugation in photorefractive materials has been accomplished by numerous methods, including i) externally-pumped four-wave mixing,1ii) self-pumped (passive) phase conjugation,24iii) stimulated backscattering,5,6and iv) mutually-pumped phase conjugation.7-10Stimulated backscattering and self-pumped phase conjugators have only a single incident beam. On the other hand, externally-pumped four-wave mixing has two auxiliary pumping beams in addition to the incident probe beam. Different still is the cross-conjugation of the two incident beams in mutually pumped phase conjugators. To use these conjugators in a given application, the compatibility between the processes generating the phase-conjugate wave(s) and the application must be considered. The distinguishing features of the different conjugators translate to advantages or disadvantages for certain applications.
Optical phase conjugation (OPC) is a nonlinear optical technique for the generation of phase conjugate waves (PCWs) and their application. For a coherent and monochromatic light wave (signal beam) with a given wavefront shape, one can generate a new light wave with a reversed wavefront shape (with respect to the propagation direction) via nonlinear optical methods. This newly generated optical wave is termed the PCW of the input signal beam. Three major nonlinear optical methods can be employed to generate various PCWs: nonlinear four- or three-wave mixing, backward stimulated scattering, and backward stimulated emission (lasing). PCWs can overcome disturbing and aberration influences from the propagation medium. Therefore, this technique is especially useful in high brightness laser oscillator/amplifier systems, laser aiming and targeting systems, and long-distance and high bit-rate optical fiber communication systems. It also provides an effective approach to achieve lasing or stimulated scattering from a randomly disturbed gain medium.