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Infinite Dimensional Analysis Quantum Probability and Related Topics

DELTA FUNCTIONS OF OBSERVABLES AND RADON–NIKODYM DERIVATIVES OF SPECTRAL MEASURES

Caishi Wang

Published Sep 1, 2009• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper, we study the mapping r ↦ δr(Q), where Q is an observable satisfying mild conditions and δr(Q) is the delta function of Q with r ∈ ℝ. We find that, under certain integrable conditions, the mapping r ↦ δr(Q) is just the Radon–Nikodym derivative of Q 's spectral measure with respect to Lebesgue measure and, moreover, Q can be represented as an integral of the mapping r ↦ rδr(Q) with respect to Lebesgue measure. An example is also given.

DOI
10.1142/s0219025709003744

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In this paper, we study the mapping r ↦ δr(Q), where Q is an observable satisfying mild conditions and δr(Q) is the delta function of Q with r ∈ ℝ. We find that, under certain integrable conditions, the mapping r ↦ δr(Q) is just the Radon–Nikodym derivative of Q 's spectral measure with respect to Lebesgue measure and, moreover, Q can be represented as an integral of the mapping r ↦ rδr(Q) with respect to Lebesgue measure. An example is also given.
Given a completely positive (CP) map T, there is a theorem of the Radon–Nikodym type [W. B. Arveson, Acta Math. 123, 141 (1969); V. P. Belavkin and P. Staszewski, Rep. Math. Phys. 24, 49 (1986)] that completely characterizes all CP maps S such that T−S is also a CP map. This theorem is reviewed, and several alternative formulations are given along the way. We then use the Radon–Nikodym formalism to study the structure of order intervals of quantum operations, as well as a certain one-to-one correspondence between CP maps and positive operators, already fruitfully exploited in many quantum information-theoretic treatments. We also comment on how the Radon–Nikodym theorem can be used to derive norm estimates for differences of CP maps in general, and of quantum operations in particular.
A convenient representation for Radon–Nikodym derivatives of completely positive (c.p.) instruments on B(H) with respect to a scalar measure is suggested, similar to the Stinespring–Kraus representation for c.p. maps, but involving possibly nonclosable unbounded operators. The structure of covariant c.p. instruments is studied in detail. In particular, an exhaustive description is given to instruments covariant with respect to shifts or rotations, corresponding to “position” or “angle” measurements.
We consider positive operator valued measures whose image is the bounded operators acting on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, and we relax, when possible, the usual assumption of positivity of the operator valued measure seen in the quantum information theory literature. We define the Radon-Nikodym derivative of a positive operator valued measure with respect to a complex measure induced by a given quantum state; this derivative does not always exist when the Hilbert space is infinite dimensional in so much as its range may include unbounded operators. We define integrability of a positive quantum random variable with respect to a positive operator valued measure. Emphasis is put on the structure of operator valued measures, and we develop positive operator valued versions of the Lebesque decomposition theorem and Johnson's atomic and nonatomic decomposition theorem. Beyond these generalizations, we make connections between absolute continuity and the "cleanness" relation defined on positive operator valued measures as well as to the notion of atomic and nonatomic measures.
In this paper, we present a new idea to define the δ-function of an observable within the canonical framework of white noise analysis. We introduce a class of observables called δ-composable observables. We then define the δ-function of such an observable as the generalized operator determined uniquely by the spectral density of the observable. Surprisingly, we find that the δ-function of a δ-composable observable is always positive as a generalized operator. Finally, we show an example of a δ-composable observable and examine properties of its δ-function.
Abstract. We study the mathematical structure of covariant phase observables. Such an observable can alternatively be expressed as a phase matrix, as a sequence of unit vectors, as a sequence of phase states, or as an equivalent class of covariant trace-preserving operations. Covariant generalized operator measures are defined by structure matrices which form a W ∗-algebra with phase matrices as its subset. The properties of the Radon-Nikod´ym derivatives of phase probability measures are studied. 1.