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Physica Scripta

New Aspects in the Decay of Quasi-Stationary Proton States by Multidimensional Tunneling

Daniel D Strottman, N. Cârjan, Patrick Talou

Published Jan 1, 2000• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The time evolution of single proton quasi-stationary states emitted from axially deformed nuclei is studied by solving numerically the two-dimensional time dependent Schrödinger equation. Angular distributions of emission with respect to the nuclear axis of symmetry are obtained. It is shown that the main escape paths are determined by the quantum numbers of the metastable state, rather than by the deformation of the potential. Combinations of such numerical studies of multidimensional quantum tunneling and angular distribution measurements from oriented deformed nuclei could provide invaluable nuclear structure information and imaging of Nilsson orbitals.

DOI
10.1238/physica.topical.088a00148

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The time evolution of single proton quasi-stationary states emitted from axially deformed nuclei is studied by solving numerically the two-dimensional time dependent Schrödinger equation. Angular distributions of emission with respect to the nuclear axis of symmetry are obtained. It is shown that the main escape paths are determined by the quantum numbers of the metastable state, rather than by the deformation of the potential. Combinations of such numerical studies of multidimensional quantum tunneling and angular distribution measurements from oriented deformed nuclei could provide invaluable nuclear structure information and imaging of Nilsson orbitals.
The most intuitive and direct way to study proton emission from unbound nuclear states is to start with a proton wave packet localized inside the well of the p-nucleus interacting potential and follow its time evolution by solving numerically the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE). Then the physical properties of the decaying system can be inferred from its solution. The most important calculable quantities are: the tunneling probability and the decay rate. In the present paper we consider bi-dimensional axially symmetric nuclear shapes, allowing the treatment of both spherical and deformed nuclei. The solution of TDSE is obtained by the Crank-Nicolson method. We discuss also the treatment of numerical boundary conditions, the preparation of the initial wave function as a quasi-stationary state and the calculation of the decay rate using the flux. In application we reveal the influence of the deformation on the decay rate.
Based on a single particle model which describes the time evolution of the wave function during tunneling across a one dimensional potential barrier we study the proton decay of 208^{208}208Pb from excited states with non-vanishing angular momentum ell\\ellell. Several quantities of interest in this process like the decay rate lambda\\lambdalambda, the period of oscillation ToscT_{osc}Tosc​, the transient time ttrt_{tr}ttr​, the tunneling time ttunt_{tun}ttun​ and the average value of the proton packet position $ r_{av} $ are computed and compared with the WKB results.
We study the dynamics of multidimensional quantum tunneling by introducing a complex absorbing potential into a two-dimensional model for spontaneous fission. We first diagonalize the Hamiltonian with the complex potential to determine a resonance state as well as its lifetime. We then solve the time-dependent Schr\"odinger equation with such basis in order to investigate the tunneling path. We compare this method with the semiclassical method for multidimensional tunneling with imaginary time. A good agreement is found both for the lifetime and for the tunneling path.
By employing the time-dependent approach, we investigate a quantum tunneling decay of many-particle systems. We apply it to a schematic one-dimensional three-body model with a heavy-core nucleus and two valence protons. We calculate the decay width for two-proton emission from the survival probability, which well obeys the exponential decay law after a sufficient time. The effect of the correlation between the two emitted protons is also studied by observing the time evolution of the two-particle density distribution. It is shown that the pairing correlation significantly enhances the probability for the simultaneous diproton decay.
A model featuring a one-dimensional particle in a tilted potential which may be trapped in a delta type potential well is considered. The time dependence of a state where the particle is trapped and where it decays via the quantum mechanical tunnel effect is calculated explicitly. Since the background potential decreases without limit (in one direction), the decay is purely exponential for long times and the decay rate is equal to the imaginary part of the eigenenergy in a Schrodinger equation that is solved for a quasi-stationary state.