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Chinese Physics

Quantum secure direct communication via partially entangled states

Man Zhong-Xiao, Yun‐Jie Xia

Published May 1, 2007• 18 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present in this paper a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol by using partially entangled states. In the scheme a third party (Trent) is introduced to authenticate the participants. After authentication, Alice can directly, deterministically and successfully send a secret message to Bob. The security of the scheme is also discussed and confirmed.

DOI
10.1088/1009-1963/16/5/004

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We present in this paper a quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocol by using partially entangled states. In the scheme a third party (Trent) is introduced to authenticate the participants. After authentication, Alice can directly, deterministically and successfully send a secret message to Bob. The security of the scheme is also discussed and confirmed.
A new three-party quantum secure direct communication protocol with authentication is proposed. The advantage of the scheme is that through authentication one can confirm the sender's legitimate identity, partially entangled states used as information carrier are easy to prepare and store, there is no need to transmit quantum states with secret message in quantum channel and two users can simultaneously communicate with the third party. In ideal channel, the protocol is secure against incoherent attack.
In this paper we propose two quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) protocols with authentication. The authentication key expansion method is introduced to improve the life of the keys with security. In the first scheme, the third party, called Trent is introduced to authenticate the users that participate in the communication. He sends the polarized photons in blocks to authenticate communication parties Alice and Bob using the authentication keys. In the communication process, polarized single photons are used to serve as the carriers, which transmit the secret messages directly. The second QSDC process with authentication between two parties is also discussed.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) enables direct private message transmission over quantum channels without pre-shared keys. This paper proposes a QSDC protocol based on two-step line-based quantum walks (QWs), which involves sender Alice, receiver Bob and an untrusted third party Charlie, and three stages consisting of preparing, checking quantum channel and communicating secret messages. In the first stage, Bob generates entangled states as the desired quantum channel via one-step QW and prepares decoy photons for the subsequent security checking of the quantum channel; In the second stage, Bob first sends a sequence comprising the photons from the entangled states and Bob’s decoy photons to Alice, who forwards Bob’s decoy photons along with her own decoy photons to Charlie for measurement, with Alice and Bob verifying security by comparing the measurement outcomes; In the third stage, Alice prepares a sequence of photons as coin state for encoding messages to be communicated, which along with the prepared entangled states form a quantum teleportation system, which completes the transmission of the messages under the dominance of another-step QW. Security analyses show the suggested protocol can resist against intercept-and-resend and measure-and-resend attacks, promoting the QSDC’s practicality via QW-based entanglement generation, simplified measurement operations and security checking under the assistance of the third party Charlie.
This paper proposes a new three-party quantum secure direct communication protocol with authentication. The scheme uses three-particle partially entangled states and CNOT gate to encode and decode. Two users can simultaneously transmit secret message to the third party,and partially entangled states shared can be used repeatedly. In ideal channel,the protocol is secure against incoherent attack. The advantage of the scheme is that through authentication,one can confirm the client's legitimate identity,partially entangled states are easy to prepare and store in practice,and two users can simultaneously communicate with the third party.
Quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) can transmit secret messages directly from one user to another without first establishing a shared secret key, which is different from quantum key distribution. In this paper, we propose a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol based on signal photons and Bell states. Before the execution of the proposed protocol, two participants Alice and Bob exchange their corresponding identity IDA and IDB through quantum key distribution and keep them secret, respectively. Then the message sender, Alice, encodes each secret message bit into two single photons (| 01〉or|10〉) or a Bell state , and composes an ordered secret message sequence. To insure the security of communication, Alice also prepares the decoy photons and inserts them into secret message sequence on the basis of the values of IDA and IDB. By the secret identity IDA and IDB, both sides of the communication can check eavesdropping and identify each other. The proposed protocol not only completes secure direct communication, but also realizes the mutual authentication. The security analysis of the proposed protocol is presented in the paper. The analysis results show that this protocol is secure against some common attacks, and no secret message leaks even if the messages are broken. Compared with the two-way QSDC protocols, the presented protocol is a one-way quantum communication protocol which has the immunity to Trojan horse attack. Furthermore, our proposed protocol can be realized without quantum memory.
We present a quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) scheme as an extension for a proposed supervised secure entanglement sharing protocol. Starting with a quick review on the supervised entanglement sharing protocol -- the "Wuhan" protocol [Y. Li and Y. Liu, arXiv:0709.1449v2], we primarily focus on its further extend using for a QSDC task, in which the communication attendant Alice encodes the secret message directly onto a sequence of 2-level particles which then can be faithfully teleported to Bob using the shared maximal entanglement states obtained by the previous "Wuhan" protocol. We also evaluate the security of the QSDC scheme, where an individual self-attack performed by Alice and Bob -- the out of control attack(OCA) is introduced and the robustness of our scheme on the OCA is documented.