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Physical Review A

Landau-Zener treatment of intensity-tuned multiphoton resonances of potassium

J. G. Story, D. I. Duncan, Thomas F. Gallagher

Published Aug 1, 1994• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

When exposed to intense light of \ensuremath{\sim}580 nm, the ground state of K shifts up in energy, passing through two photon resonances with Rydberg states, and finally crossing the two-photon ionization limit. We have used laser pulses of varying duration to study the nature of the population transfer from the ground state to the excited state due to the intensity-tuned resonances encountered during the rising edge of the pulse. A dynamic Floquet approach in which the resonances are treated as avoided crossings of the Floquet energy levels is used to model the population transfer and gives excellent agreement with the data. The model is extended into the strong-coupling regime where the ground state interacts with many excited states simultaneously, and we show that this model can be used to describe multiphoton ionization as a series of avoided crossings with the continuum.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.50.1607

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When exposed to intense light of \ensuremath{\sim}580 nm, the ground state of K shifts up in energy, passing through two photon resonances with Rydberg states, and finally crossing the two-photon ionization limit. We have used laser pulses of varying duration to study the nature of the population transfer from the ground state to the excited state due to the intensity-tuned resonances encountered during the rising edge of the pulse. A dynamic Floquet approach in which the resonances are treated as avoided crossings of the Floquet energy levels is used to model the population transfer and gives excellent agreement with the data. The model is extended into the strong-coupling regime where the ground state interacts with many excited states simultaneously, and we show that this model can be used to describe multiphoton ionization as a series of avoided crossings with the continuum.
When exposed to intense light of \ensuremath{\sim}580 nm, the ground state of K shifts up in energy, passing through two-photon resonances with Rydberg states and finally crossing the two-photon ionization limit. Using laser pulses of 0.5 to 13 ps duration, we have shown experimentally that ionization occurs for short pulses, but for long pulses the population is diverted into the Rydberg states where some population survives the peak intensity of the pulse, in excellent agreement with a dynamic Floquet model.
We study the interplay between resonant multiphoton population transfer and strong field ionization in potassium atoms, by calculating their response to intense, midinfrared (MIR) radiation. We use wavelengths close to the three or five photon resonance between the ground 4s4s4s state and the first excited 4p4p4p state, and find that the amount of population transferred to the excited state as a function of wavelength and intensity shows clear signatures of these resonances. The ionization yield also shows moderate resonant enhancement for intermediate intensities. We can further distinguish between population transfer to and ionization of the 4p4p4p state by using a chirped laser pulse to temporally separate the two processes. We find that the amount of population remaining in the 4p4p4p state at the end of the pulse shows a pronounced sensitivity to the sign of the chirp whereas the total amount of ionization does not. From this we conclude that direct, nonresonant ionization of the ground state competes strongly with the resonant process.
We present experimental and theoretical data on the electron energy spectra from resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization of atoms. In experiments performed with 594-nm wavelength, linearly polarized laser pulses of 300-fs and 600-fs durations, it is found that excitation of the intermediate resonances during the rising edge of the laser pulse can dominate the electron spectrum. Good agreement is found between the experimental results and a model based on the Landau-Zener energy level crossing theory. Theoretical results obtained with direct integration of the Schrödinger equation show that intermediate resonances can be excited appreciably off resonance if the coupling between the ground state and the excited state is highly nonlinear. The excitation of the intermediate state is not localized at the intensity which makes it six-photon resonant with the ground state. A multilevel model used to simulate the experimental spectra, based on direct integration of the Schrödinger equation, shows excellent agreement with the data.
It has been widely believed that short-pulse multiphoton ionization is dominated by a resonance process: excited states of the atom are shifted by the radiation field into multiphoton resonance with the ground state, are populated, and then rapidly ionized. A recent experiment, shows significant population remaining in excited states at the end of the laser pulse, and this result has been interpreted as indicating that ionization proceeds slowly out of these states. We investigate this issue in the framework of Floquet theory, supplemented by direct numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. In this framework, the standard picture is portrayed as an adiabatic transition between Floquet eigenstates, which occurs as the amplitude of the laser field is ramped through the resonance value (i.e. through an avoided crossing of Floquet quasienergies). Thus it follows that the same type of transition must occur as the field is turned off. This mechanism can yield significant populations of excited states that do not suffer appreciable ionization. We exhibit this effect by numerical studies of a model atom with two bound states and two continua.
Rydberg atoms in a static electric field provide an experimental system with which many aspects of strong atom-field interactions can be tested. We report measurements of multiphoton transitions in Rydberg states of potassium driven by chirped pulses of rf radiation. Pulses of rf are produced with frequencies swept from 675 to 825 MHz at rates from 0.25 MHz/ns to 7.5 MHz/ns. We present measurements of population transfer in a two-level system as a function of rf field strength and sweep rate. The data is analyzed with a dynamical Floquet model using Landau-Zener transition probabilities; this model accurately describes these transitions.