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Physical Review Letters

New method for studying the dynamics of disordered spin systems without finite-size effects

H. Eissfeller, Manfred Opper

Published Mar 30, 1992• 110 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A new method is presented that allows the determination of dynamical properties of disordered spin systems avoiding finite-size effects. The method is based on exact dynamical mean-field equations for the infinite large system. The resulting single-spin dynamics is solved by Monte Carlo simulations. We outline the formalism for the parallel dynamics of a fully connected model with random couplings. The decay of remanent magnetization of the model is studied. We find a power-law decay: m(t)-m(\ensuremath{\infty})\ensuremath{\propto}${\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{a}}$, with a=0.474 and m(\ensuremath{\infty})=0.184 for the infinite system.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.68.2094

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A new method is presented that allows the determination of dynamical properties of disordered spin systems avoiding finite-size effects. The method is based on exact dynamical mean-field equations for the infinite large system. The resulting single-spin dynamics is solved by Monte Carlo simulations. We outline the formalism for the parallel dynamics of a fully connected model with random couplings. The decay of remanent magnetization of the model is studied. We find a power-law decay: m(t)-m(\ensuremath{\infty})\ensuremath{\propto}t\ensuremath−a{\mathit{t}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{a}}t\ensuremath−a, with a=0.474 and m(\ensuremath{\infty})=0.184 for the infinite system.
We investigate by means of Monte Carlo simulations the fully connected p -state Potts model for different system sizes in order to see how the static and dynamic properties of a finite model compare with the, exactly known, behaviour of the system in the thermodynamic limit. Using p = 10 we are able to study the equilibrium dynamics for system sizes as large as N = 2560. We find that the static quantities, such as the energy, the entropy, the spin glass susceptibility as well as the distribution of the order parameter P ( q ) show very strong finite-size effects. From P ( q ) we calculate the fourth-order cumulant g 4 ( N , T ) and the Guerra parameter G ( N , T ) and show that these quantities cannot be used to locate the static transition temperature for the system sizes investigated. Also the spin-autocorrelation function C ( t ) shows strong finite-size effects in that it does not show a plateau even for temperatures around the dynamical critical temperature T D . We show that the dependence on N and T of the α-relaxation time can be understood by means of a dynamical finite-size scaling ansatz. C ( t ) does not obey the time-temperature superposition principle for temperatures around T D , but does so for significantly lower T . Finally we study the relaxation dynamics of the individual spins and show that their dependence on time depends strongly on the chosen spin, i.e. that the system is dynamically very heterogeneous, which explains the non-exponentiality of C ( t ).
The relaxation of the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model for spin glasses is studied at low temperatures. A recently developed numerical method is used by which an infinitely large system is simulated, hence finite size effects are avoided. For parallel dynamics the decay of the energy as well as of the magnetization is investigated. For low temperatures we find evidence for a relaxation into a state which is characterized by non-equilibrium values of the energy and a non-vanishing remanent magnetization.
An alternative method is applied to the nonequilibrium zero temperature dynamics of a Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model with nonsymmetric random exchange couplings Jij{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}Jij​\ensuremath{\ne}Jji{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{i}}Jji​. Based on exact stochastic single spin equations for the infinite system, this mean-field Monte Carlo approach avoids the strong finite size effects of the usual simulations for this problem. Varying the average symmetry \ensuremath{\eta}=[Jij{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}Jij​Jji{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{j}\mathit{i}}Jji​]/[Jij2{\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{i}\mathit{j}}^{2}Jij2​], we find a clear transition from ergodic dynamics at \ensuremath{\eta}${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$=0.825 to a phase (\ensuremath{\eta}>${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\eta}}}_{\mathit{c}}$) where a finite fraction of the spins freezes. Only in the fully symmetric case \ensuremath{\eta}=1 is the entire system frozen.
Extensive Monte Carlo simulations are performed on a two-dimensional random field Ising model. The purpose of the present work is to study the disorder-induced changes in the properties of disordered spin systems. The time evolution of the domain growth, the order parameter, and the spin-spin correlation functions are studied in the nonequilibrium regime. The dynamical evolution of the order parameter and the domain growth shows a power law scaling with disorder-dependent exponents. It is observed that for weak random fields, the two-dimensional random field Ising model possesses long-range order. Except for weak disorder, exchange interaction never wins over pinning interaction to establish long-range order in the system.
In current studies of mean-field quantum spin systems, much attention is placed on the calculation of the ground-state energy and the excitation gap, especially the latter, which plays an important role in quantum annealing. In pure systems, the finite gap can be obtained by various existing methods such as the Holstein-Primakoff transform, while the tunneling splitting at first-order phase transitions has also been studied in detail using instantons in many previous works. In disordered systems, however, it remains challenging to compute the gap of large-size systems with specific realization of disorder. Hitherto, only quantum Monte Carlo techniques are practical for such studies. Recently, Knysh [Nature Comm. 7, 12370 (2016)] proposed a method where the exponentially large dimensionality of such systems is condensed onto a random potential of much lower dimension, enabling efficient study of such systems. Here we propose a slightly different approach, building upon the method of static approximation of the partition function widely used for analyzing mean-field models. Quantum effects giving rise to the excitation gap and nonextensive corrections to the free energy are accounted for by incorporating dynamical paths into the path integral. The time-dependence of the trace of the time-ordered exponential of the effective Hamiltonian is calculated by solving a differential equation perturbatively, yielding a finite-size series expansion of the path integral. Formulae for the first excited-state energy are proposed to aid in computing the gap. We illustrate our approach using the infinite-range ferromagnetic Ising model and the Hopfield model, both in the presence of a transverse field.
We introduce and implement a reformulation of the strong-disorder renormalization group method in real space, well suited to study bond-disordered antiferromagnetic power-law coupled quantum spin chains. We apply it to a chain of randomly placed spins coupled by power-law long-range interaction with power $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. First, keeping only interactions between adjacent spins, we derive the Master equation and confirm that it is solved by the infinite randomness fixed-point distribution. Then, we derive the master equation for power-law long-range interaction between all spins for any anisotropy $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ ranging from the XX limit, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=0$, to the isotropic Heisenberg limit, $\ensuremath{\gamma}=1,$ which corresponds to a tight-binding chain of disordered long-range interacting fermions with long-range hopping. We thereby show that the distribution function of couplings JJJ smaller than renormalization scale $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}$ flows to the strong-disorder fixed-point distribution of finite width $2\ensuremath{\alpha}.$ We find only small corrections to that distribution, which depend on power exponent $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and coupling anisotropy $\ensuremath{\gamma}.$ As a consequence, the low-temperature magnetic susceptibility diverges with an anomalous power law. The distribution of singlet lengths lll is found to decay as ${l}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. The entanglement entropy of a subsystem of length nnn increases in the ground state logarithmically for all $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and $\ensuremath{\gamma}$. After a global quantum quench, the entanglement entropy increases with time logarithmically as $S(t)\ensuremath{\sim}ln(t)/(2\ensuremath{\alpha})$.