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International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology

Theory of spherically symmetric potentials†

Jagdish Chandra, R. P. Gairola, B. D. Indu

Published Jul 1, 1983• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The interpretation as well as derivation of the multi‐dimensional wave functions for spherically symmetric potentials is an uphill task in quantum mechanics. The wave functions for spherical harmonics are obtained in the context of hydrogen‐like atoms using the theory of Green's functions. The process of obtaining the Green's functions is new and is being reported for the first time. The process elucidates all the relevant features whatsoever required by the system. One of the salient features of the technique used is that it reduces all the hierarchies and higher‐order Green's functions to Green's functions of the lowest order.

DOI
10.1080/0020739830140406

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The interpretation as well as derivation of the multi‐dimensional wave functions for spherically symmetric potentials is an uphill task in quantum mechanics. The wave functions for spherical harmonics are obtained in the context of hydrogen‐like atoms using the theory of Green's functions. The process of obtaining the Green's functions is new and is being reported for the first time. The process elucidates all the relevant features whatsoever required by the system. One of the salient features of the technique used is that it reduces all the hierarchies and higher‐order Green's functions to Green's functions of the lowest order.
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Our work utilizes the quantum model of the hydrogen atom which is based on the Schrödinger equation with Coulomb potential. Specifically, we concentrate on the angular components of the wave eigenfunctions derived from this model. We consider the quantum states with n ≤ 4. In order to visualize the orbital shapes of these states, we built in the spherical coordinates system their 3D geometric representations. Furthermore, we use the corresponding spherical harmonics, to calculate the θ nodal values that describe the configurations of these orbital states.
This chapter physical properties of the hydrogen atom and its Hamiltonian function as a particle in a spherically symmetric potential having a wave function as a product of the radial function and spherical harmonic function. Hereafter, it comes to two independent wave equations: the radial equation and the angular equation. After some derivation, it is shown that the angular equation is a product of the azimuthal angle equation and polar angle equation (as discussed in the previous chapter). The azimuthal angle equation is similar to the particle in a ring problem from the previous chapter and after some derivation the polar angle equation becomes an associated Legendre equation with well-known polynomials as solutions. Next, the solution to the radial equation is presented which becomes after some derivation an associated Laguerre equation with well-known polynomials as solutions and from this result is obtained the energy equation for the hydrogen-like atom. Subsequently, it is derived the normalization constant of the radial function. Afterwards, the numerical analysis of the radial equation of the hydrogen atom along with its corresponding Fortran code is presented. Finally, the hydrogen atomic orbitals equations and plots are depicted followed by the fine structure of the hydrogen (198 words).
The minimum-uncertainty coherent-states formalism is extended to higher-dimensional systems. Specifically, for spherically symmetric three-dimensional potentials the formalism looks for coherent states which are products of an angular wave function times a radial wave function. After reviewing the many studies on angular coherent states, I concentrate on the physically distinguishing radial coherent states. The radial formalism is explained in detail and contrasted with the effective one-dimensional formalism. The natural classical variables in the radial formalism are those which vary sinusoidally as $g(E, L)\ensuremath{\theta}(t)$, where $\ensuremath{\theta}(t)$ is the real azimuthal angular variable and g(E,L)g(E, L)g(E,L) is the number of oscillations between apsidal distances per classical orbit. When changed to natural quantum operators, these operators can be given as the Hermitian sums and differences of the "lll" raising and lowering operators. The formalism is applied to the three-dimensional harmonic-oscillator and Coulomb problems.