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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Energy renormalization-group method for electronic structure of large systems

Roi Baer, Martin Head‐Gordon

Published Dec 15, 1998• 29 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A renormalization-group method for electronic structure of large systems within a tight-binding framework is presented. A telescopic series of nested Hilbert spaces is constructed, having exponentially decreasing dimensions and electrons. The Hamiltonian matrices have exponentially converging energy ranges focusing to the Fermi level. The computational effort scales near linearly with system size even when the density matrix is highly nonlocal. This is illustrated by calculations on a model metal and a metallic finite carbon nanotube, for which standard linear scaling methods are inapplicable.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.58.15296

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A renormalization-group method for electronic structure of large systems within a tight-binding framework is presented. A telescopic series of nested Hilbert spaces is constructed, having exponentially decreasing dimensions and electrons. The Hamiltonian matrices have exponentially converging energy ranges focusing to the Fermi level. The computational effort scales near linearly with system size even when the density matrix is highly nonlocal. This is illustrated by calculations on a model metal and a metallic finite carbon nanotube, for which standard linear scaling methods are inapplicable.
A newly developed energy renormalization-group method for electronic structure of large systems with small Fermi gaps within a tight-binding framework is presented in detail. A telescopic series of nested Hilbert spaces is constructed, having exponentially decreasing dimensions and electrons, for which the Hamiltonian matrices have exponentially converging energy ranges focusing to the Fermi level and in which the contribution to the density matrix is a sparse contribution. The computational effort scales near linearly with system size even when the density matrix is highly nonlocal. This is illustrated by calculations on a model metal, a small radius carbon-nanotube and a two-dimensional puckered sheet polysilane semiconductor.
We introduce a method for the solution of the electronic-structure problem in the independent-electron approximation. The method is based upon a variational solution for the density matrix, which is truncated to zero beyond a real-space radius Rc{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{c}}Rc​, and becomes exact as Rc{\mathit{R}}_{\mathit{c}}Rc​\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}. Most importantly, the computer time scales only linearly with system size. The method is tested in the context of tight-binding models in one and three dimensions.
A new approach to large-scale nuclear structure calculations, based on the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), is described. The DMRG method, which was developed originally in the framework of low-dimensional quantum lattices, has recently been extended to finite Fermi systems. Following a general description of this extended DMRG methodology, we briefly review its first application to a pairing hamiltonian. We then discuss its application to a schematic nuclear model involving many identical nucleons constrained to move in a single large-j shell. In those cases in which exact diagonalization of the hamiltonian is possible, the method is able to reproduce the exact results with extreme precision. Results are also presented for a model problem in which exact solution is not feasible.
We introduce a hybrid approach to applying the density matrix renormalization group to continuous systems, combining a grid approximation along one direction with a finite Gaussian basis set for the remaining two directions. This approach is especially useful for chainlike molecules, where the grid is used in the long direction. For hydrogen chain systems, the computational time scales approximately linearly with the number of atoms, as we show with near-exact minimal basis set calculations with up to 1000 atoms. The linear scaling comes from both the localization of the basis and a compression method for the long-ranged two-electron interaction. For shorter hydrogen chains, we show results with up to triple-ζ bases.
This article presents an efficient and parallelized implementation of the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) algorithm for quantum chemistry calculations. The DMRG method as a large-scale multireference electronic structure model is by nature particularly efficient for one-dimensionally correlated systems, while the present development is oriented toward applications for polynuclear transition metal compounds, in which the macroscopic one-dimensional structure of electron correlation is absent. A straightforward extension of the DMRG algorithm is proposed with further improvements and aggressive optimizations to allow its application with large multireference active space, which is often demanded for metal compound calculations. Special efficiency is achieved by making better use of sparsity and symmetry in the operator and wave function representations. By accomplishing computationally intensive DMRG calculations, the authors have found that a large number of renormalized basis states are required to represent high entanglement of the electron correlation for metal compound applications, and it is crucial to adopt auxiliary perturbative correction to the projected density matrix during the DMRG sweep optimization in order to attain proper convergence to the solution. Potential energy curve calculations for the Cr(2) molecule near the known equilibrium precisely predicted the full configuration interaction energies with a correlation space of 24 electrons in 30 orbitals [denoted by (24e,30o)]. The energies are demonstrated to be accurate to 0.6mE(h) (the error from the extrapolated best value) when as many as 10,000 renormalized basis states are employed for the left and right DMRG block representations. The relative energy curves for [Cu(2)O(2)](2+) along the isomerization coordinate were obtained from DMRG and other correlated calculations, for which a fairly large orbital space (32e,62o) is modeled as a full correlation space. The DMRG prediction nearly overlaps with the energy curve from the coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triple [CCSD(T)] calculations, while the multireference complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) calculations with the small reference configuration (8e,8o) are found to overestimate the biradical character of the electronic state of [Cu(2)O(2)](2+) according to the one-electron density matrix analysis.
In order to extend the density-matrix renormalization-group (DMRG) method to two-dimensional systems, we formulate two alternative methods to prepare the initial states. We find that the number of states that is needed for accurate energy calculations grows exponentially with the linear system size. We also analyze how the states kept in the DMRG method manage to preserve both the intrablock and interblock Hamiltonians, which is the key to the high accuracy of the method. We also prove that the energy calculated on a finite cluster is always a variational upper bound.