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Optics Express

Incoherent photon conversion in selectively infiltrated hollow-core photonic crystal fibers for single photon generation in the near infrared

Ping Jiang, Tim Schröder, Michael Bath, Vladimir Lesnyak, Nikolai P. Gaponik, Alexander Eychmüller, Oliver J. Benson

Published May 4, 2012• 3 citations
Publisher

Abstract

At present, there exist a number of on-demand single photon sources with high emission rates and stability even at room temperature. However, their emission wavelength is restricted to specific transitions in single quantum emitters. Single photon generation in the near infrared, possibly within the telecom band, though most urgently needed, is particularly crucial. In this paper, we suggest an experimental method to convert visible single photons from a defect center in diamond to the near infrared. The conversion relies on efficient absorption by colloidal quantum dots and subsequent Stokes-shifted emission. The desired target wavelength can be chosen almost arbitrarily by selecting quantum dots with a suitable emission spectrum. A hollow core photonic crystal fiber selectively filled with a solution of quantum dots was used to achieve at the same time a single photon absorption probability of near unity and a very high re-collection efficiency of Stokes-shifted fluorescence (theoretically estimated to be 26%). A total conversion efficiency of light of 0.1% is achieved. Experimental strategies to significantly enhance this number are presented.

DOI
10.1364/oe.20.011536

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At present, there exist a number of on-demand single photon sources with high emission rates and stability even at room temperature. However, their emission wavelength is restricted to specific transitions in single quantum emitters. Single photon generation in the near infrared, possibly within the telecom band, though most urgently needed, is particularly crucial. In this paper, we suggest an experimental method to convert visible single photons from a defect center in diamond to the near infrared. The conversion relies on efficient absorption by colloidal quantum dots and subsequent Stokes-shifted emission. The desired target wavelength can be chosen almost arbitrarily by selecting quantum dots with a suitable emission spectrum. A hollow core photonic crystal fiber selectively filled with a solution of quantum dots was used to achieve at the same time a single photon absorption probability of near unity and a very high re-collection efficiency of Stokes-shifted fluorescence (theoretically estimated to be 26%). A total conversion efficiency of light of 0.1% is achieved. Experimental strategies to significantly enhance this number are presented.
Further improvement of infrared single photon sources is a major challenge for future implementations of quantum information and quantum communication applications. In this paper, we give further insight into a recently presented, conceptually novel method for the generation of single photons.1 The method is of particular interest for spectral domains where stable room temperature single photon sources are not available. For example, this is the presently the case for the near-infrared. This wavelength regime is important for data transfer over long distances where optical losses in fibers are minimal. The presented method is based on the following idea. The fundamental key requirement for single photon generation is the generation of a single excitation in an optically active system. It is not the presence of a single quantum system. The presented method is applied to realize a stable, non-blinking, room temperature infrared single photon source by converting visible single photons from a defect center in diamond to the near infrared. For the presented implementation, the theoretical conversion efficiency was estimated to be 26 %. In a first prove of principle experiment, a conversion efficiency of 0.1 % was achieved.
On-demand indistinguishable single-photon sources are essential for quantum networking and communication. Semiconductor quantum dots are among the most promising candidates, but their typical emission wavelength renders them unsuitable for use in fiber networks. Here, we present quantum frequency conversion of near-infrared photons from a bright quantum dot to the telecommunication C-band, allowing integration with existing fiber architectures. We use a custom-built, tunable 2400 nm seed laser to convert single photons from 942 nm to 1550 nm in a difference-frequency generation process. We achieve an end-to-end conversion efficiency of ≃35%, demonstrate count rates approaching 1 MHz at 1550 nm with g(2)(0)=0.043(1), and achieve Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) visibilities of 60%. We expect this scheme to be preferable to quantum dot sources directly emitting at telecom wavelengths for fiber-based quantum networking.
Efficient quantum frequency conversion (QFC) across large spectral gaps remains a challenge for quantum networking. We theoretically investigate a cascaded QFC in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) to convert telecom photons (1550 nm) to the visible spectrum (676 nm) via two anti-Stokes Raman shifts. Although simultaneous phase matching is impractical across such a wide window, operating in a high-pressure regime overcomes phase mismatches because the high-gain Raman coherence wave has a shorter spatial extent than the nonlinear coherence length. Maxwell-Bloch simulations show conversion efficiencies exceeding 50%. This approach offers a flexible, low-loss path for integrating disparate quantum technologies in a single fiber platform.
Efficient quantum frequency conversion (QFC) across large spectral gaps remains a challenge for quantum networking. We theoretically investigate a cascaded QFC in hydrogen-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF) to convert telecom photons (1550 nm) to the visible spectrum (676 nm) via two anti-Stokes Raman shifts. Although simultaneous phase matching is impractical across such a wide window, operating in a high-pressure regime overcomes phase mismatches because the high-gain Raman coherence wave has a shorter spatial extent than the nonlinear coherence length. Maxwell-Bloch simulations show conversion efficiencies exceeding 50%. This approach offers a flexible, low-loss path for integrating disparate quantum technologies in a single fiber platform.
Future quantum networks will rely on the ability to coherently transfer optically encoded quantum information between different wavelength bands. Bragg-scattering four-wave mixing in optical fiber is a promising route to achieving this, but requires fibers with precise dispersion control and broadband transmission at signal, target, and pump wavelengths. Here, we introduce a photonic crystal fiber with a germanium-doped core featuring group velocity matching at 1550 nm, the telecoms C-band, and 920 nm, within the emission range of efficient single photon sources based on InAs quantum dots. With low chromatic walk-off and good optical guidance even at long wavelengths, large lengths of this fiber are used to achieve nanometer-scale frequency shifts between wavelengths around 920 nm with up to 79.4% internal conversion efficiency, allowing dissimilar InAs dots to be interfaced. We also show how cascading this frequency conversion can be used to generate a frequency comb away from telecoms wavelengths. Finally, we use the fiber to demonstrate tunable frequency conversion of weak classical signals around 918 nm to the telecoms C-band.
Highly efficient single photon sources are important building blocks for optical quantum information processing. For practical use and long-distance quantum communication, single photons should have fiber-compatible telecom wavelengths. In addition, most quantum communication applications require high degree of indistinguishability of single photons, such that they exhibit interference on a beam splitter. However, deterministic generation of indistinguishable single photons with high brightness remains a challenging problem in particular at telecom wavelengths. We demonstrate a telecom wavelength source of indistinguishable single photons using an InAs/InP quantum dot in a nanophotonic cavity. To obtain the efficient single quantum dot emission, we employ the higher order mode in L3 photonic crystal cavity that shows a nearly Gaussian transverse mode profile and results in out-coupling efficiency exceeding 46 {\\%} and unusual bright single quantum dot emission exceeding 1.5 million counts per second at a detector. We also observe Purcell enhanced spontaneous emission rate as large as 4 and high linear polarization ratio of 0.96 for the coupled dots. Using this source, we generate high purity single photons at 1.3 ??m wavelength and demonstrate the indistinguishable nature of the emission using a two-photon interference measurement.