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Physical Review A

First-order quantum phase transition driven by rotons in a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate irradiated by a laser

Anna Minguzzi, Norman Henry March, Monica Tosi

Published Aug 13, 2004• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

O'Dell et al. in recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 110402 (2003)] have proposed that laser-induced dipole-dipole interactions may drive a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate to an instability against a periodic density modulation. We discuss the possibility that the instability is preceded by a first-order quantum phase transition to a modulated state.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.70.025601

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O'Dell et al. in recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 110402 (2003)] have proposed that laser-induced dipole-dipole interactions may drive a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate to an instability against a periodic density modulation. We discuss the possibility that the instability is preceded by a first-order quantum phase transition to a modulated state.
We study a gaseous atomic Bose–Einstein condensate with laser-induced dipole–dipole interactions using the Hartree–Fock–Bogoliubov theory within the Popov approximation. The dipolar interactions introduce long-range atom–atom correlations which manifest themselves as increased depletion at momenta similar to that of the laser wavelength, as well as a ‘roton’ dip in the excitation spectrum. Surprisingly, the roton dip and the corresponding peak in the depletion are enhanced by raising the temperature above absolute zero.
Several authors have recently discussed the existence of roton excitations in Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs) and considered how a roton dip in the dispersion curve of elementary excitations may be related to the formation of a spatially modulated ground state. Here attention is drawn to a theoretical study of Minguzzi et al. on interatomic correlations in a BEC from dipole–dipole interactions induced by laser light of increasing intensity. Attractive interactions in superfluid 4He and repulsive interactions in ‘untuned’ BECs are then compared and contrasted, the experiments of Woods and Cowley and of Greiner et al. providing the focus respectively. It is stressed that, contrary to a very recent assertion by Nazario and Santiago, 4He is crucially different from BECs at the lowest temperatures.
Motivated by the recent experiment [Nature 530 (2016) 194] in which a stable droplet in a dipolar quantum gas has been created by the interaction-induced instability, we focus on the modulation instability of an optically-trapped dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate with three-body interaction. Within the mean-field level, we analytically solve the discrete cubic-quintic Gross–Pitaevskii equation with dipole–dipole interaction loaded into a deep optical lattice and show how combined effects of the three-body interaction and dipole–dipole interaction on the condition of modulational instability. Our results show that the interplay of the three-body interaction and dipole–dipole interaction can dramatically change the modulation instability condition compared with the ordinary Gross–Pitaevskii equation. We believe that the predicted results in this work can be useful for the future possible experiment of loading a Bose–Einstein condensate of 164 Dy atoms with strong magnetic dipole–dipole interaction into an optical lattice.
In this letter we predict a novel second-order quantum phase transition of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates coupled with a periodically driven laser field in the resonant case. It is shown that this quantum phase transition from the normal to the tunneling phases can be controlled by the interspecies nonlinear interaction tuned via the magnetic-field–dependent Feshbach resonance technique. Furthermore, it is also demonstrated that this quantum phase transition can be detected by measuring the ground-state population imbalance between two condensates.