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Journal of Mathematical Physics

The Fejér average and the mean value of a quantity in a quasiclassical wave packet

Quanhui Liu, X. Wang, W. H. Qi, Liping Fu, B. Hu

Published Jan 1, 2002• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The mean value of a quantity in an equally weighted wave packet was recently found in the classical limit to be the Fejér average of partial sums of Fourier series expansion of the classical quantity, and the number of stationary states in it is equal to that of partial sums. The incompleteness of the Fejér average in representing a classical quantity enables us to define a classical uncertainty relation which turns out to be the counterpart of the quantum one. In this paper, two typical quantum systems, a harmonic oscillator and a particle in an infinite square well, are used to illustrate the above-mentioned points.

DOI
10.1063/1.1418245

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The mean value of a quantity in an equally weighted wave packet was recently found in the classical limit to be the Fejér average of partial sums of Fourier series expansion of the classical quantity, and the number of stationary states in it is equal to that of partial sums. The incompleteness of the Fejér average in representing a classical quantity enables us to define a classical uncertainty relation which turns out to be the counterpart of the quantum one. In this paper, two typical quantum systems, a harmonic oscillator and a particle in an infinite square well, are used to illustrate the above-mentioned points.
The first two period behaviors of a quantum wave packet in an infinite square well potential is studied. First, the short term behavior of expectation value of a quantity on an equally weighted wave packet (EWWP) is in classical limit proved to reproduce the Fej'{e}r average of the Fourier series decomposition of the corresponding classical quantity. Second, in order to best mimic the classical behavior, a nice relation between number NNN of stationary states in the EWWP with the average quantum number nnn as N≈nN\thickapprox \sqrt{n}N≈n​ is revealed. Third, since the Fejér average can only approximate the classical quantity, it carries an uncertainty which in large quantum number case is almost the same as the quantum uncertainty.
The Schrodinger equation for a bound state includes the classical potential V(r) for which –d/dxj V represents Fj or force in the j direction. It has been argued in a previous note (1), that one may attribute physical meaning to the Fourier series of V(r). In such a case, V(r) and W(r) (the wavefunction) are quantities averaged over momentum (or vectors) as well as being averages over time. One may write the product of V(r)W(r) as one of two Fourier series and then reorganize into a series with basis exp(ikr). In such a case, one examines an interaction with V at each momentum wave level. Then the average is only over time as different k momentum states of in W combine with different p momentum states of the Fourier series of V(r). For a p momentum wave, one may write: p2/2m fp + Sum k Vk f(p-k) = E fp where W= Sum over p fp exp(ipx) in one dimension ((1)) The objective of this note is to observe differences in the interaction of a single plane wave with a potential ((1)) and the interaction of W with V in the Schrodinger equation. In particular, for a particle in a box with infinite walls, V(x)=0 inside the one dimensional box, yet the Fourier series of W includes all p values. From ((1)), even though V(x)=0 as an average, there seems to still be an interaction with various Vk values (Vk= the kth Fourier transform) in the interior of the box as ((1)) holds at all x points.
According to Heisenberg's uncertainty relation, in quantum mechanics it is not possible to determine, simultaneously, exact values for the position and the momentum of a material system. Calculating the mean value of the Hamiltonian operator with the aid of exact analytic Gaussian wave packet solutions, these uncertainties cause an energy contribution additional to the classical energy of the system. For the harmonic oscillator, e.g., this nonclassical energy represents the ground state energy. It will be shown that this additional energy contribution can be considered as a Hamiltonian function, if it is written in appropriate variables. With the help of the usual Lagrange-Hamilton formalism known from classical particle mechanics, but now considering this new Hamiltonian function, it is possible to obtain the equations of motion for position and momentum uncertainties.