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Technical Physics

Experimental setup for quantum cryptography by means of single polarized photons

V. L. Kurochkin, I. I. Ryabtsev, Igor G. Neizvestny

Published Jun 1, 2005• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Pioneering experiments on single-photon quantum cryptography that are performed with a tailored setup are reported. The key is transferred by pulsed semiconductor lasers, which encode the polarization state of the photons in two mutually nonorthogonal bases. Photon detectors are based on C30902S silicon avalanche photodiodes. For a laser pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz and a mean number of photons per pulse of about 0.2, the key generation rate reaches ≈4 kbit/s. The error rate in the key does not exceed 1%.

DOI
10.1134/1.1947348

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Pioneering experiments on single-photon quantum cryptography that are performed with a tailored setup are reported. The key is transferred by pulsed semiconductor lasers, which encode the polarization state of the photons in two mutually nonorthogonal bases. Photon detectors are based on C30902S silicon avalanche photodiodes. For a laser pulse repetition rate of 100 kHz and a mean number of photons per pulse of about 0.2, the key generation rate reaches ≈4 kbit/s. The error rate in the key does not exceed 1%.
This paper reports on the results of experimental investigations into the distribution of a quantum key on a setup designed for quantum cryptography with single photons. The quantum key is transmitted with pulsed semiconductor lasers by coding polarization states of photons in two alternative nonorthogonal bases. Silicon avalanche photodiodes (C30902S) serve as single-photon detectors. The rate of key generation is equal to 1.8 kbit/s when the clock frequency of laser pulse repetition is 100 kHz and the mean number of photons per pulse is approximately equal to 0.2. The number of errors in the key does not exceed 1%.
A brief overview of the current status of quantum cryptography is given. The results are presented of our preliminary experiments with free-space quantum-key distribution by means of single linearly polarized photons with coded polarization states according to the BB84 protocol, for which purpose a quantum-cryptography communication system is designed. Single photons are detected with a 50% probability using specially designed high-speed photodetectors based on silicon avalanche photodiodes, operated in Geiger mode with active avalanche quenching. A key generation rate of 3.8 kbit/s is obtained, the mean photon number per pulse being 0.2.
Quantum cryptography allows the establishing of a highly confidential sequence of random bits between two parties who share no secret information in advance. Its security is guaranteed by the basic laws of quantum mechanics rather than mathematical difficulty. An experimental system based on a novel protocol for quantum cryptography using only two nonorthogonal photon polarization states is implemented. The photon sources are two semiconductor laser diodes operated at 680 nm, their light pulses which are heavily attenuated to far below one photon per pulse are employed to encode the key. Gated single photon detection technique is used to minimize the dark count effect of the photon multiplier tube. Key establishing rate of 40 b/s and error rate of 2.1% are obtained. Compared with other systems, our system has the simplest experimental setup.
Work presents the brief review of the contemporary state of quantum cryptography science. Main principles of the quantum cryptography protocol development are illustrated by giving the example of BB84 protocol. Examples of experimental setups for the quantum key distribution through the atmosphere and fiber quantum channel are described in this work. The work presents results of experiments conducted on the developed setup based on single photon polarization coding. Problem of single photon detection in the visible and near IR area is considered. Work describes developed fiber based quantum cryptography working with the telecom wavelength 1555 nm. With the use of this experimental setup using the 25 km single mode telecom fiber (1555 nm wavelength) between sender and receiver we achieved the 450 bit/s quantum key generation with the use of 5 MHz pulse repetition rate, ~0.2 photon/pulse. Given the achieved photodetector parameters an average quantum bit error rate is less than 3.7%.