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Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences

On the Long-Range Stationary Wave Operator

Hiroshi Isozaki

Published Dec 31, 1977• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In the present paper we shall be concerned with the stationary theory of scattering associated with the Schrodinger operator with a long-range potential. In quantum theory of scattering, many authors have investigated the existence and completeness of wave operators W = s-lim ee~y where J-»±oo HI and H2 are self-adjoint operators acting on a Hilbert space M. Among them, Kato and Kuroda gave an abstract time-independent approach to scattering theory. They derived a stationary form of the wave operator in the following way:

DOI
10.2977/prims/1195189601

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In the present paper we shall be concerned with the stationary theory of scattering associated with the Schrodinger operator with a long-range potential. In quantum theory of scattering, many authors have investigated the existence and completeness of wave operators W = s-lim ee~y where J-»±oo HI and H2 are self-adjoint operators acting on a Hilbert space M. Among them, Kato and Kuroda gave an abstract time-independent approach to scattering theory. They derived a stationary form of the wave operator in the following way:
The aim of the lecture is to briefly describe the mathematical background of scattering theory for two- and three-particle quantum systems. We discuss basic objects of the theory: wave and scattering operators and the corresponding scattering matrix and illustrate them on the example of the Schrödinger equation. Our goal is to present time-dependent and stationary approaches and to describe the underlying mathematical methods. We also give a sketch of scattering theory for three interacting quantum particles including a difficult problem of the asymptotic completeness of scattering channels. Along with traditional results, we discuss new scattering channels arising for long-range pair interactions.
After a fairly rigorous mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics based on transformation theory by Dirac in which he cast Heisenberg’s matrix mechanics and Schrodinger’s wave mechanics on a common operator theoretic setting and successfully explained their equivalence, it was John Von Neumann in monumental treatise “Mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics” who proved the spectral theorem for all self adjoint operators in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space and thereby cast the masterly work of Dirac “The principles of quantum mechanics“ in a way that even pure mathematicians were able to understand. Dirac in his book had also indicated the work of Jordan and Heisenberg on quantum scattering theory but without the modern method of wave operators. Lippmann and Schwinger gave a more rigorous discussion of scattering theory via the introduction of free particle states and scattered states. Actually, free particle states are not square integrable and hence cannot strictly be termed as states. However by the use of wave operators the equations of Lippmann and Schwinger could be made rigorous using the setting of the continuous spectrum of a self-adjoint opearator introduced by Von Neumann, Crucial to this development is the notion of the domain of definition of an unbounded operator. This leads to the fact that the wave operators that appear in scattering theory are not defined on all vectors but usually on those vectors that belong to the continuous spectrum of the free particle Hamiltonian. Today scattering theory is a well developed subject and the interested reader can get a good grasp of this subject from the books 1 Tosio Kato, “Perturbation theory for linear operators”, Springer. 2 Werner O. Amrein, “Hilbert space methods in quantum mechanics”, CRC press, 2012.
The purpose of these lectures is to give an accessible and self contained introduction to quantum scattering theory in one dimension. Part A defines the theoretical playground, and develops basic concepts of scattering theory in the time domain (Asymptotic Condition, in- and out- states, scattering operator S^\hat{S}S^). The aim of Part B is then to build up, in a step-by-step fashion, the time independent scattering theory in energy domain. This amounts to introduce the Lippmann-Schwinger equation for the stationary scattering states (denoted as ∣ψE(±1)±⟩| ψ_{E(\pm 1)}^\pm \rangle∣ψE(±1)±​⟩), to discuss fundamental properties of ∣ψE(±1)±⟩| ψ_{E(\pm 1)}^\pm \rangle∣ψE(±1)±​⟩, and subsequently to construct S^\hat{S}S^ and T^\hat{T}T^ operators in terms of ∣ψE(±1)±⟩| ψ_{E(\pm 1)}^\pm \rangle∣ψE(±1)±​⟩. Physical contents of the S^\hat{S}S^ and T^\hat{T}T^ operators is then illuminated by deriving explicit formulas for the probability of transmission/reflection of our quantum particle through/from the interaction region of the potential. An illustrative numerical example is given, which also highlights an existence of scattering resonances. Finally, Part C elaborates the nonhermitian scattering theory (Siegert pseudostate formalism), which offers an extremely powerful tool suitable for clear cut understanding of the resonance phenomena.