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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Dissipative dynamics of a harmonic oscillator with environmentally caused frequency modulation

Petr Chvosta

Published Oct 14, 1988• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The primary objective of the present work is an exact theoretical analysis of a vibrational dephasing process. The author has investigated a microscopic counterpart of the well known stochastic model of random harmonic oscillator frequency modulation. The author has found an exact expression for the oscillator coordinate relaxation. Several principal features of the solution appear to be quite different from the results based on the random frequency modulation model. (i) The envelope function of the oscillator coordinate time dependence is a function of temperature and it reveals definite types of coherent beats. (ii) The 'frequency' of the coordinate oscillations is time dependent and exhibits definite shift relative to the bare oscillator frequency when time goes from zero to infinity. (iii) Both the envelope function and the 'frequency' of the coordinate oscillations depend on the initial oscillator energy. This demonstrates the interaction-introduced non-linearity of the resulting dynamics.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/21/19/007

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The primary objective of the present work is an exact theoretical analysis of a vibrational dephasing process. The author has investigated a microscopic counterpart of the well known stochastic model of random harmonic oscillator frequency modulation. The author has found an exact expression for the oscillator coordinate relaxation. Several principal features of the solution appear to be quite different from the results based on the random frequency modulation model. (i) The envelope function of the oscillator coordinate time dependence is a function of temperature and it reveals definite types of coherent beats. (ii) The 'frequency' of the coordinate oscillations is time dependent and exhibits definite shift relative to the bare oscillator frequency when time goes from zero to infinity. (iii) Both the envelope function and the 'frequency' of the coordinate oscillations depend on the initial oscillator energy. This demonstrates the interaction-introduced non-linearity of the resulting dynamics.
Vibrational relaxation of a harmonic oscillator nonlinearly coupled to a heat bath is investigated by the Gaussian–Markovian quantum Fokker–Planck equation approach. The system–bath interaction is assumed to be linear in the bath coordinate, but linear plus square in the system coordinate modeling the elastic and inelastic relaxation mechanisms. Interplay of the two relaxation processes induced by the linear–linear and square–linear interactions in Raman or infrared spectra is discussed for various system–bath couplings, temperatures, and correlation times for the bath fluctuations. The one-quantum coherence state created through the interaction with the pump laser pulse relaxes through different pathways in accordance with the mechanisms of the system–bath interactions. Relations between the present theory, Redfield theory, and stochastic theory are also discussed.
We investigate the low-temperature statistical properties of a harmonic oscillator coupled to a heat bath, where the low-frequency spectrum vanishes. We obtain the exact result of the zero point energy. Due to the low frequency shortage of environmental oscillators' spectral density, the coordinate and momentum correlation functions decay as τ−4 and τ−6 respectively at zero temperature, where τ is the correlation time. The low-temperature behavior of the mean energy does not violate the third law of thermodynamics, but differs largely from the Ohmic spectrum case.
Time evolution of a harmonic oscillator linearly coupled to a heat bath is compared for three classes of initial states for the bath modes-grand canonical ensemble, number states, and coherent states. It is shown that for a wide class of number states the behavior of the oscillator is similar to the case of the equilibrium bath. If the bath modes are initially in coherent states, then the variances of the oscillator coordinate and momentum, as well as its entanglement to the bath, asymptotically approach the same values as for the oscillator at zero temperature and the average coordinate and momentum show a Brownian-like behavior. We derive an exact master equation for the characteristic function of the oscillator valid for arbitrary factorized initial conditions. In the case of the equilibrium bath this equation reduces to an equation of the Hu-Paz-Zhang type, while for the coherent states bath it leads to an exact stochastic master equation with a multiplicative noise.
The open driven quantum harmonic oscillator is studied for three different possible mechanisms of driving; a generalization of the forced oscillator, driving due to a time-dependent coupling to a two-level system, and driving due to an adiabatic modulation of the frequency. The first case encompasses all possible configurations going from the standard forced harmonic oscillator to the classical pumping type of driving typically used in quantum optics. In the second case, an additional two-level system, coupled to the oscillator at a time-varying rate, is assumed and the reduced dynamics of the oscillator and the qubit is examined. In the driving due to adiabatic modulation, the dynamics of a harmonic oscillator whose frequency slowly varies in time is studied. The study done in this paper is focused on a harmonic type of driving, although the solutions are derived for an arbitrary type of driving. In all the cases, the oscillator is assumed to be in contact with a zero- or finite-temperature environment, which provides dissipation to the system. The treatment done in this paper is fully analytic and the derivation of the solutions is based on the employment of the double Fourier transform of the Wigner function.
We have studied quantum-mechanical behavior of a driven Morse oscillator coupled to a bath of harmonic oscillators. The purpose is to compare the quantum behavior of such a system with the classical solutions of a driven damped Morse oscillator. We start with the quantum Liouville equation, in which the Hamiltonian of the Morse oscillator is expressed in terms of generators of an su(2) Lie algebra. This algebra and the Markovian approximation allow us to derive the generalized master equation (for the reduced density matrix of the Morse oscillator), which contains level-dependent energy and phase relaxation terms. We have numerically integrated the differential equations of the matrix elements to obtain the time evolution of the reduced density matrix and the energy of the Morse oscillator. We show that the energy of the Morse oscillator in general varies with time and eventually reaches an asymptotic oscillatory state. The mean energy value of the asymptotic oscillatory state is studied as a function of the relaxation rates and laser frequency and amplitude. Vibrational distributions have also been found as functions of laser frequency and amplitude. The shape of the distribution changes gradually as laser amplitude increases; it first peaks at the ground state at a small field amplitude, then it peaks at some excited state at a large field amplitude, and for an amplitude in between it can have two maxima. This bimodal vibrational distribution reflects the bistability observed in the classical and semiclassical models. Thus bistability exists in quantum results, not as a hysteresis loop, but as a bimodal distribution. Finally, we show that as laser intensity increases, the time series of the oscillator energy evolves from regular to quasiperiodic behavior, and eventually a chaotic-looking series appears.