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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Influence of spatial variations of relaxation matrix on the atmospheric transmission in region of resonance absorption

Yury V. Kistenev

Published Jan 26, 1994• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For atmospheric conditions, the relaxation matrix is characterized by both broadening of the absorption line and spatial variation of the frequency shift. The variations, adding to spatial variations of gas concentration, can cause specific peculiarities in effects of resonance interaction. Nonstationary refraction in a region of resonance interaction was shown to cause essential changing of the atmosphere transmission when propagation direction is changed. Analysis of the last group of phenomena for a case of constant resonance absorption gas concentration is presented in this paper. The analysis was carried out for a model of two-layer nonhomogeneous medium.

DOI
10.1117/12.166254

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For atmospheric conditions, the relaxation matrix is characterized by both broadening of the absorption line and spatial variation of the frequency shift. The variations, adding to spatial variations of gas concentration, can cause specific peculiarities in effects of resonance interaction. Nonstationary refraction in a region of resonance interaction was shown to cause essential changing of the atmosphere transmission when propagation direction is changed. Analysis of the last group of phenomena for a case of constant resonance absorption gas concentration is presented in this paper. The analysis was carried out for a model of two-layer nonhomogeneous medium.
Only for optically thin layers and plane waves may the intensity of a light wave be unambiguously expressed in terms of the nonlinear susceptibility of the medium. In aperture limited light beams the saturation parameter and the Stark shifts are local variables, while the output intensity of the pump and probe beams is an integral characteristic of the transmission process. The output spectrum is affected by diffraction, nonlinear refraction, and saturated absorption. The nonlinear refraction is a cause of a spectral line asymmetry which is well- known in saturation spectroscopy. In addition to usual line broadening, the saturated absorption causes specific beam effects, related to the formation of a self-induced transparency channel. The diffraction of the beam due to this self-induced aperture may result in the enhancement of the on-axis intensity, which is not a result of the self-induced lens effects. All these factors are taken into account by the mathematical model suggested in the present work. The propagation of the near-resonance saturating pump and non-saturating probe beams of various initial profiles through a homogeneously broadened two-level gas is simulated numerically. The calculations carried out make it possible to analyze the contribution of the propagation phenomena, mentioned above, to the output spectra of the beams.
An analysis is made of the influence of transit effects on the profile of a two-absorption line of a gas interacting with a standing wave field. It is shown that in the case of a confined light beam the resonance width is governed by the transit times of atoms across the beam. When two light beams separated by a large distance are present, there is an additional resonance line of width which is the reciprocal of the transit time between the beams. This resonance is analyzed allowing for the relaxation of atomic levels.
New sub-Doppler resonances at central frequencies of atomic (molecular) transitions that appear in the spectrum of absorption of the probe optical radiation under the influence of optical pumping propagating in the orthogonal direction through a relatively narrow area of a cylindrical cell containing dilute gas medium are discovered and analyzed. These resonances are induced by specific optical pumping of atoms as they fly freely from the inner cell surface through the pumped region toward the probe optical beam. The obtained mathematical relations are used to investigate the dependence of the discussed resonances on the intensity and spatial distribution of the localized optical pumping. The proposed method could allow reducing the Doppler broadening of the detected spectral lines by the factor equal to the ratio of the effective width of the narrow pumped region to the cell radius. The obtained results may find application in high-resolution spectroscopy of atoms (molecules), as well as for laser-frequency stabilization by using the discovered sub- Doppler resonances.
The effect of collisions on the resonance fluorescence spectrum of two-level atoms excited by monochromatic resonance radiation is studied. Analysis is performed for systems where the Doppler broadening is small compared to the collision frequency (high buffer gas pressures) and for the general case where collisions arbitrarily change the phase of the radiation-induced dipole moment (from completely interrupted to completely unaffected phase of the dipole moment). Both at a relatively low and at a high excitation radiation intensity, the resonance fluorescence spectrum is shown to depend on whether the two-level system is closed or open. This is especially true for the narrow unshifted Rayleigh scattering line. It is shown that, although the absorption line is homogeneously broadened, the resonance fluorescence spectrum exhibits a clearly pronounced anisotropy. In a direction close to the direction of propagation of the excitation radiation, the Rayleigh scattering line is maximally narrowed. Under certain conditions (that can easily be created in experiments), the width of this line is proportional to the diffusion coefficient of atoms interacting with the radiation.
The dynamic nature of the interaction between the electromagnetic field of radiation and a resonantly absorbing medium is manifested as Rabi oscillations and can substantially affect both stationary and transient optical processes. This effect was repeatedly demonstrated for nonstationary transient processes in gaseous media with homogeneously broadened absorption lines. A single approach to the coherent control of the transient processes in the media with essentially inhomogeneous broadening of the absorption line is proposed. The results of the study of the Doppler-broadened molecular transition are presented. The prospects for the study of alternative inhomogeneously broadened media (low-pressure atomic gas and the exciton transitions localized in quantum wells (nanosized semiconductor heterostructures)) are reviewed.
A new approach is suggested for dealing with the many-body aspects of resonance broadening of spectral lines in gases. A Liouville-space formalism is used in which the absorption by NNN identical molecules undergoing resonance-exchange collisions is described by an NNN-dimensional projection operator in Liouville space. In the impact approximation, under conditions in which the Doppler shift of resonance frequencies can be neglected, it is shown that the effect of resonance collisions is to modify the linewidth expression obtained by ordinary foreign-gas-type theories. The shape of isolated lines remains, however, Lorentzian. Only a combined effect of Doppler and collision broadening causes appreciable deviations from the Lorentzian shape near the line center, but these deviations are not peculiar to resonance broadening.