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Journal de Physique I

Theoretical description of light scattering by a collection of nonlinear Kerr particles

A. J. van Wonderen

Published May 1, 1992• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

We theoretically study multiple scattering of monochromatic light by a collection of spheres that can freely move in a background medium. The spheres contain an optical nonlinearity of the Kerr type. Employing diagrammatic methods we construct the iterative solution of the nonlinear scalar wave equation that describes the electromagnetic radiation field inside the sacttering medium. The ensuing diagrammatic series for the amplitude of the radiation field is averaged over all possible configurations of the scatterers. Subsequently, it is proved that the average amplitude satisfies a nonlinear equation that is the counterpart of the usual Dyson equation. For the case of point scatterers that do not absorb light we obtain solutions of our nonlinear Dyson equation. They predict that as a result of auto-Kerr and backscattering effects, the system can become unstable. Furthermore, we find that it is possible to bleach the scatterers. Finally, the influence of nonlinear absorption on the average amplitude is investigated.

DOI
10.1051/jp1:1992166

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We theoretically study multiple scattering of monochromatic light by a collection of spheres that can freely move in a background medium. The spheres contain an optical nonlinearity of the Kerr type. Employing diagrammatic methods we construct the iterative solution of the nonlinear scalar wave equation that describes the electromagnetic radiation field inside the sacttering medium. The ensuing diagrammatic series for the amplitude of the radiation field is averaged over all possible configurations of the scatterers. Subsequently, it is proved that the average amplitude satisfies a nonlinear equation that is the counterpart of the usual Dyson equation. For the case of point scatterers that do not absorb light we obtain solutions of our nonlinear Dyson equation. They predict that as a result of auto-Kerr and backscattering effects, the system can become unstable. Furthermore, we find that it is possible to bleach the scatterers. Finally, the influence of nonlinear absorption on the average amplitude is investigated.
We study coherent backscattering of a monochromatic laser by a dilute gas of cold two-level atoms in the weakly nonlinear regime. The nonlinear response of the atoms results in a modification of both the average field propagation (nonlinear refractive index) and the scattering events. Using a perturbative approach, the nonlinear effects arise from inelastic two-photon scattering processes. We present a detailed diagrammatic derivation of the elastic and inelastic components of the backscattering signal for both scalar and vectorial photons. In particular, we show that the coherent backscattering phenomenon originates in some cases from the interference between three different scattering amplitudes. This is in marked contrast with the linear regime where it is due to the interference between two different scattering amplitudes. In particular we show that, if elastically scattered photons are filtered out from the photodetection signal, the nonlinear backscattering enhancement factor exceeds the linear barrier of 2, consistently with a three-amplitude interference effect.
This thesis presents the author's work on multiple scattering of intense laser light by cold atoms in chapter 2 and nonlinear coherent backscattering in chapter 3. The basic concepts and most important results should be understandable from reading these chapters on their own, whereas we refer to the subsequent collection of articles (P1-P11) for more detailed treatments. In chapter 2.1, we review scattering of light by a single two-level atom, with special emphasis on the fact that the atoms are nonlinear and inelastic scatterers, which will be relevant for multiple scattering. In chapter 2.2, we treat double scattering by two distant atoms, before we generalize this technique to a dilute disordered sample of many atoms in chapter 2.3. Both 2.2 and 2.3 apply in the perturbative regime of low laser intensity, where, by analyzing scattering of two photons, we clarify the different roles of nonlinearity and inelasticity concerning the coherent backscattering interference. Chapter 2.4 discusses the master equation as a complementary approach, applicable at arbitrarily high laser intensity, but only for a small number of atoms. In addition, we present an equivalent new approach, which explicitly takes advantage of the large distance between the atoms, and thereby combines the advantages of the master equation and the scattering approach. As discussed in chapter 2.5, this new approach opens the way to a non-perturbative theory for multiple scattering of intense laser light by dilute atomic clouds. Chapter 3 presents our diagrammatic theory for nonlinear coherent backscattering of classical (or single-particle quantum) waves. In chapter 3.1, we explain the most important assumptions of the theory: weak disorder and small nonlinearity, in particular existence of a stable, stationary solution of the nonlinear wave equation. In chapter 3.2, we explain why - contrary to seemingly convincing intuitive reasoning - the nonlinearity indeed changes the height of the coherent backscattering interference peak. In order to describe this effect quantitatively, a diagrammatic theory is sketched in chapters 3.3 and 3.4, where the nonlinear Born series and the nonlinear ladder and crossed diagrams are introduced. Chapter 3.5 presents the transport equations which result from the complete summation of ladder and crossed diagrams - non-perturbatively in the strength of the nonlinearity. We discuss the conditions under which the nonlinearity reduces or enhances the coherent backscattering interference, as compared to the linear case. In order to confirm the validity of the diagrammatic analysis, we compare these results with numerical simulations in chapter 3.6. We conclude with a short account of our work on speckle instabilities for nonlinear point scatterers in chapter 3.7. Finally, chapter 4 describes some future perspectives of our work, in particular the application of the diagrammatic theory to describe the impact of nonlinearity on weak localization and Anderson localization, and possible extensions to the quantum many-particle regime.
In this theoretical paper, we investigate coherence properties of the near-resonant light scattered by two atoms exposed to a strong monochromatic field. To properly incorporate saturation effects, we use a quantum Langevin approach. In contrast to the standard optical Bloch equations, this method naturally provides the inelastic spectrum of the radiated light induced by the quantum electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations. However, to get the right spectral properties of the scattered light, it is essential to correctly describe the statistical properties of these vacuum fluctuations. Because of the presence of the two atoms, these statistical properties are not Gaussian: (i) the spatial two-points correlation function displays a specklelike behavior and (ii) the three-points correlation function does not vanish. We also explain how to incorporate in a simple way propagation with a frequency-dependent scattering mean-free path, meaning that the two atoms are embedded in an average scattering dispersive medium. Finally we show that saturation-induced nonlinearities strongly modify the atomic scattering properties and, as a consequence, provide a source of decoherence in multiple scattering. This is exemplified by considering the coherent backscattering configuration where interference effects are blurred by this decoherence mechanism. This leads to a decrease of the so-called coherent backscattering enhancement factor.
In this paper we study propagation of electromagnetic waves in media with an imaginary Kerr-type nonlinearity. We show numerically that the slowly varying envelope approximation can still be used. It is proved that theoretical problems described by this type of differential equations are Hamiltonian systems. This characteristic is used to predict the variation of the electromagnetic field in the nonlinear material. Furthermore, we find a closed expression for the electromagnetic waves in a nonlinear medium with a linear absorption and an imaginary Kerr-type nonlinearity, for both a localized and a diffusive nonlinearity. Calculating the transmission probability of light through a Fabry-P\'erot structure shows that the introduction of an imaginary Kerr-type nonlinearity describes an intensity-dependent optical gain or absorption in a nonlinear medium. This system also shows bistable behavior comparable to real Kerr-type nonlinear materials. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
We outline the nonperturbative theory of multiple scattering of resonant, intense laser light off a dilute cloud of cold atoms. A combination of master equation and diagrammatic techniques allows a quantitative description of nonlinear diffusive transport as well as of coherent backscattering of the injected electromagnetic field, notwithstanding the exponential growth of Hilbert space with the number of atomic scatterers. As an exemplary application, we monitor the laser light's intensity profile within the medium, the spectrum of the backscattered light, and the coherent backscattering peak's height with increasing pump intensity. Our theory establishes a general, microscopic, scalable approach to nonlinear transport phenomena in complex quantum materials.