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Reviews in Mathematical Physics

PROBABILITY STRUCTURES FOR QUANTUM STATE SPACES

Paul Busch, Gianni Cassinelli, PEKKA J. LAHTI

Published Oct 1, 1995• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The theme of this paper is to represent the states of a quantum system by means of probability measures. We fix a positive operator valued measure E on a measurable space (Ω, ℬ(Ω)) acting in a Hilbert space ℋ, and we study the properties of the mapping that it induces from the set of trace class operators on ℋ to the set of measures on (Ω, ℬ(Ω)). In particular, the injectivity and the surjectivity of this map are characterised in terms of the properties of E.

DOI
10.1142/s0129055x95000402

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The theme of this paper is to represent the states of a quantum system by means of probability measures. We fix a positive operator valued measure E on a measurable space (Ω, ℬ(Ω)) acting in a Hilbert space ℋ, and we study the properties of the mapping that it induces from the set of trace class operators on ℋ to the set of measures on (Ω, ℬ(Ω)). In particular, the injectivity and the surjectivity of this map are characterised in terms of the properties of E.
Let H1, H2 be complex Hilbert spaces, H be their Hilbert tensor product and let tr2 be the operator of taking partial trace, with respect to the space H2, of trace class operators in H. The operation tr2 maps states in H (=positive trace class operators in H with trace equal to 1) into states in H1. In this paper we give the full description of mappings that are linear right inverse to tr2. More precisely, we prove that any affine mapping F(W) of the convex set of states in H1 into the states in H that is right inverse to tr2 is given by W⟼W⊗D for some state D in H2. In addition we investigate a representation of the quantum mechanical state space by probability measures on the set of pure states and a representation—used in the theory of stochastic Schrödinger equations—by probability measures on the Hilbert space. We prove that there are no affine mappings from the state space of quantum mechanics into these spaces of probability measures.
The space POVM H(X) of positive operator-valued probability measures on the Borel sets of a compact (or even locally compact) Hausdorff space X with values in B(H), the algebra of linear operators acting on a d-dimensional Hilbert space H, is studied from the perspectives of classical and nonclassical convexity through a transform Γ that associates any positive operator-valued measure ν with a certain completely positive linear map Γ(ν) of the homogeneous C*-algebra C(X)⊗B(H) into B(H). This association is achieved by using an operator-valued integral in which nonclassical random variables (that is, operator-valued functions) are integrated with respect to positive operator-valued measures and which has the feature that the integral of a random quantum effect is itself a quantum effect. A left inverse Ω for Γ yields an integral representation, along the lines of the classical Riesz representation theorem for linear functionals on C(X), of certain (but not all) unital completely positive linear maps φ:C(X)⊗B(H)→B(H). The extremal and C*-extremal points of POVM H(X) are determined.
An analysis of some of the fundamental principles underlaying the construction of operators in quantum mechanics is given. Each operator is associated to a projection operator and these projection operators are shown to fulfill a set of properties formally identical to those of a probability field. It is shown that, by the introduction of a measure in configuration space it is possible to obtain complete sets of commuting observables having, within limits, preassigned spectra. The introduction of new operators by consideration of the groups expressing the symmetries of the system, is discussed. (auth)
We consider questions related to a quantization scheme in which a classical variable f:Ω→R on a phase space Ω is associated with a (preferably unique) semispectral measure Ef, such that the moment operators of Ef are required to be of the form Γ(fk), with Γ a suitable mapping from the set of classical variables to the set of (not necessarily bounded) operators in the Hilbert space of the quantum system. In particular, we investigate the situation where the map Γ is implemented by the operator integral with respect to some fixed positive operator measure. The phase space Ω is first taken to be an abstract measurable space, then a locally compact unimodular group, and finally R2, where we determine explicitly the relevant operators Γ(fk) for certain variables f, in the case where the quantization map Γ is implemented by a translation covariant positive operator measure. In addition, we consider the question under what conditions a positive operator measure is projection valued.
A quantum probability measure–or quantum measurement–is said to be clean if it cannot be irreversibly connected to any other quantum probability measure via a quantum channel. The notion of a clean quantum measure was introduced by Buscemi et al. [“Clean positive operator valued measures,” J. Math. Phys. 46(8), 082109 (2005)10.1063/1.2008996] for finite-dimensional Hilbert space, and was studied subsequently by Kahn [“Clean positive operator-valued measures for qubits and similar cases,” J. Phys. A 40(18), 4817–4832 (2007)10.1088/1751-8113/40/18/009] and Pellonpää [“Complete characterization of extreme quantum observables in finite dimensions,” J. Phys. A 44(8), 085304 (2011)10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085304]. The present paper provides new descriptions of clean quantum probability measures in the case of finite-dimensional Hilbert space. For Hilbert spaces of infinite dimension, we introduce the notion of “approximately clean quantum probability measures” and characterise this property for measures whose range determines a finite-dimensional operator system.
We consider positive operator valued measures whose image is the bounded operators acting on an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space, and we relax, when possible, the usual assumption of positivity of the operator valued measure seen in the quantum information theory literature. We define the Radon-Nikodym derivative of a positive operator valued measure with respect to a complex measure induced by a given quantum state; this derivative does not always exist when the Hilbert space is infinite dimensional in so much as its range may include unbounded operators. We define integrability of a positive quantum random variable with respect to a positive operator valued measure. Emphasis is put on the structure of operator valued measures, and we develop positive operator valued versions of the Lebesque decomposition theorem and Johnson's atomic and nonatomic decomposition theorem. Beyond these generalizations, we make connections between absolute continuity and the "cleanness" relation defined on positive operator valued measures as well as to the notion of atomic and nonatomic measures.