We show how Maxwell's equations describe one-photon propagation in optical fibre - fluorophore systems. In particular, macroscopic electromagnetic field measurements on a system at ordinary power levels precisely define the system's one-photon states.
A system of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators (QHOs) whose Hamiltonian conserves photon number begets a one-photon correspondence principle (OPCoP), which allows solutions to the classical linear Maxwell equations for propagation in matter to be reinterpreted as a precise description of a one-photon state. We state, prove, and explore the OPCoP, whereby the vast extant body of linear, sourceless optical waveguide theory [Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman & Hall, 1983)] can be applied to the exact analysis of one-photon propagation in optical fibers.
A system of coupled quantum harmonic oscillators whose Hamiltonian conserves photon number begets a one-photon correspondence principle (OPCoP), which allows solutions to the classical linear Maxwell equations for propagation in matter to be reinterpreted as precise descriptions of one-photon states. With the help of the OPCoP, we derive the linear classical Maxwell equations from the Schrödinger equation for one-polariton state evolution. The role of the matter's initial quantum state in setting the macroscopic medium parameters is made explicit. It is shown that most of the kinds of linear Maxwell equations possible follow from this model, thus showing that the vast extant body of linear, sourceless optical waveguide theory [Optical Waveguide Theory (Chapman and Hall, 1983)] can be applied to the exact analysis of one-photon propagation in optical fibers.
In this paper, single-molecule spectroscopy experiments based on continuous laser excitation are characterized through an open quantum system approach. The evolution of the fluorophore system follows from an effective Hamiltonian microscopic dynamic where its characteristic parameters, i.e., its electric dipole, transition frequency, and Rabi frequency, as well as the quantization of the background electromagnetic field and their mutual interaction, are defined in an extended Hilbert space associated to the different configurational states of the local nanoenvironment. After tracing out the electromagnetic field and the configurational states, the fluorophore density matrix is written in terms of a Lindblad rate equation. Observables associated to the scattered laser field, such as optical spectrum, intensity-intensity correlation, and photon-counting statistics, are obtained from a quantum-electrodynamic calculation also based on the effective microscopic dynamic. In contrast with stochastic models, this approach allows one to describe in a unified way both the full quantum nature of the scattered laser field as well as the classical nature of the environment fluctuations. By analyzing different processes such as spectral diffusion, lifetime fluctuations, and light assisted processes, we exemplify the power of the present approach.