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Journal of Applied Physics

1730-Å radiation dominated by stimulated emission from high-pressure xenon

James B. Gerardo, A. Wayne Johnson

Published Sep 1, 1973• 32 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Experimental data are presented which demonstrate superfluorescent radiation due to stimulated transitions between the lowest-bound diatomic states of xenon and the repulsive ground state. In this context, superfluorescence describes a condition where, even in the absence of feedback, radiation from the fluorescent medium is dominated by stimulated transitions. The continuum emission spectrum was highly anisotropic and narrowing of the spectrum was observed. The optical gain was greatest at a wavelength of 1730 ± 10 Å, where the experimentally estimated effective gain cross section is 1 × 10−18 cm2.

DOI
10.1063/1.1662906

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Experimental data are presented which demonstrate superfluorescent radiation due to stimulated transitions between the lowest-bound diatomic states of xenon and the repulsive ground state. In this context, superfluorescence describes a condition where, even in the absence of feedback, radiation from the fluorescent medium is dominated by stimulated transitions. The continuum emission spectrum was highly anisotropic and narrowing of the spectrum was observed. The optical gain was greatest at a wavelength of 1730 ± 10 Å, where the experimentally estimated effective gain cross section is 1 × 10−18 cm2.
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The metastable atoms produced by the photodissociation of are detected by observing the enhanced fluorescence of the transition - in the buffer gas xenon. The photodissociation experiments are carried out under conditions of low-pressure (about 100 mtorr) in high-pressure Xe (20-200 torr). The fluorescence spectrum of ) in the wavelength region 510-560 nm is measured. A strong production of is found at wavelengths between 120 and 140 nm in the state, and a small production observed in the range 105-120 nm. Both spectra seem continuous. The Rydberg states in this wavelength region produce very little O(1S).
We present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study on superfluorescence in the extreme ultraviolet wavelength regime. Focusing a free-electron laser pulse in a cell filled with Xe gas, the medium is quasi-instantaneously population inverted by 4d-shell ionization on the giant resonance followed by Auger decay. On the timescale of ∼10 ps to ∼100 ps (depending on parameters) a macroscopic polarization builds up in the medium, resulting in superfluorescent emission of several Xe lines in the forward direction. As the number of emitters in the system is increased by either raising the pressure or the pump-pulse energy, the emission yield grows exponentially over four orders of magnitude and reaches saturation. With increasing yield, we observe line broadening, a manifestation of superfluorescence in the spectral domain. Our novel theoretical approach, based on a full quantum treatment of the atomic system and the irradiated field, shows quantitative agreement with the experiment and supports our interpretation.
There exists a lack of laser-based remote sensing methods that give signals with high intensity and directionality. According to previous research, mirrorless lasing can meet these requirements; however, neither the dependence on the gain medium geometry nor the light-matter interaction responsible for the emission has been investigated in detail. This thesis project examined the sideways lasing emission from a gain medium with a Fresnel number much smaller than one, generated by the overlap of two counterpropagating femtosecond laser pulses in xenon gas at atmospheric pressure. Both spatial and temporal measurements of the sideways lasing emission were made, with the latter being obtained using a streak camera. The emission was highly localised in space, suggesting it originated from the overlap. It also yielded a power dependence with a clear threshold and an interference pattern indicating coherence, both of which showed strong agreement with the predicted behaviour for superfluorescence (SF). The recorded temporal profile displayed a pulse with oscillations on the incline and the decline, appearing with a delay of about 70 ps relative to the excitation pulse and thus corresponding well to the theoretical predictions for SF emitted from a gain medium with a Fresnel number much smaller than one. It can therefore be concluded that the observed sideways lasing was generated by SF. Additionally, the dependence of the emission on the gain medium geometry was in good accordance with theory. These measurements, to the best of the author's knowledge, provide the first thorough investigation of mirrorless lasing at atmospheric pressure for this gain medium configuration, thus opening the way for both further fundamental research and the implementation of these techniques in applied laser diagnostics.