Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

The Journal of Physical Chemistry A

Alignment and Orientation Effects in Sr Energy Pooling

Harold Parks, Stephen R. Leone

Published Aug 21, 1999• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Alignment and orientation effects in the energy pooling process, Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) + Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) → Sr(5s5p 1 P 1 ) + Sr(5s 2 1 S 0 ), are studied in a single atomic beam. The Sr atoms are prepared in an aligned initial state with a polarized laser, and alignment information is extracted by observing the fluorescence from the final Sr(5s5p 1 P 1 ) state as the atoms precess in an applied magnetic field. This allows the dependence of the total energy pooling cross section (integrated over the final state alignment) on the initial state alignment to be almost completely described. A prominent alignment effect is observed. If m j represents the component of total electronic angular momentum of a Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) atom along the relative velocity vector of the collision, then the total energy transfer cross section for a particular initial state alignment can be expressed as a sum of the so-called fundamental cross sections, σ m 1 m 2 and σ m 1 m 2; m 1 ‘ m 2 ‘, that describe collisions between the various m j states. Here σ m 1 m 2 represents the cross section for energy transfer when an atom in state m 1 collides with an atom in state m 2 . The cross section σ m 1 m 2; m 1 ‘ m 2 ‘ represents the contribution to the total cross section from interference when the colliding system is in a superposition of the state m 1 colliding with m 2 and the state m 1 ‘ colliding with m 2 ‘. It is found that the cross sections σ 1-1, σ 00, and σ 10 as well as the interference terms Re( σ 00;1-1 ) and σ 01;10 have relatively large values while σ 11 and σ 1-1;-11 are small. Coupled with future theoretical work, these results may provide new insights into the dynamics of the curve crossings that lead to energy transfer.

DOI
10.1021/jp991743d

Related papers

Initial- and final-state alignment and orientation effects in Ca energy pooling

Harold Parks, Stephen R. Leone

An experimental investigation is performed to determine the initial- and final-state alignment effects in the energy-pooling process $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2}).$ This paper represents a type of four-vector correlation experiment, where two aligned atoms collide and the alignment of the final excited state is observed. The initial $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})$ state polarization is controlled with polarized lasers and magnetic fields, and the final-state alignment is partially resolved by observing the polarization of the fluorescence from the $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2})$ emission. The mathematics are developed in this paper to provide a full quantitative description of the four-vector alignment cross sections observed here. Relative values that describe 18 of the 39 total independent parameters are obtained, thus defining the results of this collision process at an unprecedented level of detail. The final-state Ca polarization is found to be only weakly dependent on the initial-state alignment, with final-state fluorescence predominately polarized along the relative velocity vector of the collision.

Physical Review A•Oct 1, 1999•5 citations

Effects of alignment on strontium energy pooling collisions

Jonathan Andrew Neuman, Alan Gallagher

The dependence of energy pooling cross sections on the alignment of atomic angular momentum with respect to the collision axis is investigated. In a vapor cell, excitation with counter-propagating polarized laser beams that define the collision axis prepares aligned strontium atoms in the $5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}$ level. Excited-state energy pooling collision products from the endothermic $5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}+5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s6s{}^{1}{S}_{0}{+5s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ reaction and the exothermic $5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}+5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p{}^{1}{P}_{1}{+5s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ reaction are studied. Alignment effects are studied as a function of collision energy, using pulsed laser excitation followed by delayed fluorescence detection to lower the transverse collision velocity and laser detuning to vary the collision velocity in the laser-beam direction. The rate coefficient for energy transfer to the $6{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ state is enhanced by $38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13%$ when the ${M}_{J}$ alignment of the collision partners is perpendicular to the collision axis and parallel to each other compared to when there is no alignment of the collision partners. No alignment dependence is observed for energy transfer to the $5{}^{1}{P}_{1}$ state. This experiment offers the unique capability of simultaneously and independently controlling collision velocity and angular momentum alignment.

Physical Review A•Mar 1, 1998•2 citations

Experimental investigation of the initial-state alignment dependence in the energy pooling process: Ca(4s4p3P1)+Ca(4s4p3P1)→Ca(4s4p1P1)+Ca(4s2)

Harold Parks, Eileen M. Spain, John E. Smedley +1 more

A pulsed laser investigation is performed to study the detailed effects of electronic angular-momentum alignment on the cross section for the energy-transfer process $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2}).$ A uniform magnetic field imposed by a set of Helmholtz coils is used to systematically precess the initial state orbitals with a well-defined period, allowing different alignments to be sampled at different time delays after the pulsed laser excites and aligns the $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})$ states. The polarization effects in this collision process are striking. For example, the cross section for two atoms both in the ${m}_{j}=0$ magnetic substrate is 13 times larger than the cross section for two atoms that are both in the ${m}_{j}=1$ (or -1) substrate, where the quantization axis is taken to be along the relative velocity vector of the collision. The initial m-sublevel dependence of this three-vector correlation process can be completely described with eight fundamental parameters, five of which are accurately obtained. In addition, the coarse energy dependence of these parameters is deduced.

Physical Review A•Sep 1, 1998•7 citations

Laser preparation and probing of initial and final orbital alignment in collision-induced energy transfer Ca(4s5p, 1P1) +He→Ca(4s5p, 3P2)+He

Christopher J. M. Smith, Jan P. J. Driessen, Larry Eno +1 more

In a crossed beam atomic energy transfer experiment, relative cross sections are measured between initial and final magnetic substates of atomic orbitals in a three vector correlation experiment. A pulsed laser beam prepares Ca(4s5p 1P1) in a single magnetic sublevel ‖j1mi〉 with respect to the laser polarization vector. Subsequent collision with He at a well-defined relative velocity yields Ca(4s5p 3P2). The near-resonant Ca(4s5p 3P2) is probed by a second polarized pulsed laser, revealing its magnetic sublevel ‖j2mf〉 distribution with respect to the probe laser polarization vector. The experiment is analyzed in the collision frame where the direction of the initial relative velocity vector serves as the quantization axis. In this frame, the initial and final Ca states are characterized by substates ‖j1m1〉 and ‖j2m2〉, respectively. Fourteen collision frame cross sections are needed to describe the energy transfer completely. Eight of these cross sections are real and positive (conventional type—describing population transfer) and six are complex (coherence type—containing phase information). By symmetry, only 15 unique parameters for the real and imaginary parts of the cross sections are required, nine of which are obtained here using linear polarizations and collinear laser beams. Possible cases for circularly polarized light are also tabulated; measurement of these cases would provide several more parameters. For initial parallel preparation of the 1P1 p orbital with respect to the relative velocity (m1=0), the final 3P2 state is highly aligned in the m2=±1 and m2=±2 sublevels. Initial preparation of the p orbital perpendicular to the relative velocity vector (m1=±1) produces an aligned 3P2 state with greater population in the m2=0 and m2=±1 sublevels compared to the m2=±2 sublevels. Using the coherence information and symmetry, orientation cross sections are obtained into the m2=±1 sublevels (i.e., m preserving 1→1 and m-changing 1→−1) and are nearly identical. Preparation of the Ca p orbital perpendicular to the initial relative velocity enhances the state-specific collisional transfer of 1P1→3P2 by a factor of 2.2±0.2 over initial parallel preparation.

The Journal of Chemical Physics•Jun 1, 1992•34 citations

Fine-structure mixing in 5~2P Rb atoms studied through excitation transfer and energy-pooling collisions

Yifan Shen

Rb atoms were excited to the 5P3/2 level using a single-mode laser diode. The 5P3/2 state atom density was measured by the absorption of line from a Rb hollow-cathode lamp. The excited atom density is combined with measured fluorescence ratio to determine collisional cross section for the energy pooling process [i.e. Rb(5P3/2)+Rb(5P3/2)→Rb(5D)+Rb(5S)]. The cross section is (5.0±1.9)(?)10-14cm2. Cross section for 5P3/2 →5P1/2 transfer in Rb, induced in collision with ground-state Rb atoms, has been determined using methods of atomic fluorescence. The resulting fluorescence included a direct component arising from the optically excited state and a sensitized component due to the collisionally populated fine-structure state and the energy-pooling collisions. Measurement of relative intensities of the two components yielded the following cross section: σ(5P3/2→5P1/2)=(3.0±0.9)×10-15cm2. It is found that the rate for the energy pooling is an order of magnitude more efficient than 5P3/2→5P1/2 mixture. Comparisons of our result with other experiments have been made.

Chinese Journal of Quantum Electronics•Jan 1, 2005•1 citation

Cross sections and coherences for energy pooling reactions between two Na*(3p) atoms

J H Nijland, J. A. de Gouw, H.A. Dijkerman +1 more

The authors have studied, in a beam experiment, the energy pooling reaction between two laser excited Na*(3p) atoms, where in the final state one of the Na atoms is in the 5s or 4d state and the other in the ground state. The polarization of the Na*(3p) atoms can be varied by changing the laser polarization. By using two counterpropagating Na beams and intersecting them twice by a laser beam (directly and indirectly after reflection against a mirror) the polarization of the two collision partners can be varied independently. Since the laser beam intersects the Na beams at an angle of 87.6 degrees , the relative velocity of the atoms can furthermore be selected by exploiting the Doppler effect. In the authors' experiment the relevant cross sections and coherences, specified according to the various magnetic substate combinations of the colliding Na*(3p) atoms, can be determined.

Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics•Jun 28, 1992•19 citations
Alignment and orientation effects in the energy pooling process, Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) + Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) → Sr(5s5p 1 P 1 ) + Sr(5s 2 1 S 0 ), are studied in a single atomic beam. The Sr atoms are prepared in an aligned initial state with a polarized laser, and alignment information is extracted by observing the fluorescence from the final Sr(5s5p 1 P 1 ) state as the atoms precess in an applied magnetic field. This allows the dependence of the total energy pooling cross section (integrated over the final state alignment) on the initial state alignment to be almost completely described. A prominent alignment effect is observed. If m j represents the component of total electronic angular momentum of a Sr(5s5p 3 P 1 ) atom along the relative velocity vector of the collision, then the total energy transfer cross section for a particular initial state alignment can be expressed as a sum of the so-called fundamental cross sections, σ m 1 m 2 and σ m 1 m 2; m 1 ‘ m 2 ‘, that describe collisions between the various m j states. Here σ m 1 m 2 represents the cross section for energy transfer when an atom in state m 1 collides with an atom in state m 2 . The cross section σ m 1 m 2; m 1 ‘ m 2 ‘ represents the contribution to the total cross section from interference when the colliding system is in a superposition of the state m 1 colliding with m 2 and the state m 1 ‘ colliding with m 2 ‘. It is found that the cross sections σ 1-1, σ 00, and σ 10 as well as the interference terms Re( σ 00;1-1 ) and σ 01;10 have relatively large values while σ 11 and σ 1-1;-11 are small. Coupled with future theoretical work, these results may provide new insights into the dynamics of the curve crossings that lead to energy transfer.
An experimental investigation is performed to determine the initial- and final-state alignment effects in the energy-pooling process $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2}).$ This paper represents a type of four-vector correlation experiment, where two aligned atoms collide and the alignment of the final excited state is observed. The initial Ca(4s4p3P1)\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})Ca(4s4p3P1​) state polarization is controlled with polarized lasers and magnetic fields, and the final-state alignment is partially resolved by observing the polarization of the fluorescence from the $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2})$ emission. The mathematics are developed in this paper to provide a full quantitative description of the four-vector alignment cross sections observed here. Relative values that describe 18 of the 39 total independent parameters are obtained, thus defining the results of this collision process at an unprecedented level of detail. The final-state Ca polarization is found to be only weakly dependent on the initial-state alignment, with final-state fluorescence predominately polarized along the relative velocity vector of the collision.
The dependence of energy pooling cross sections on the alignment of atomic angular momentum with respect to the collision axis is investigated. In a vapor cell, excitation with counter-propagating polarized laser beams that define the collision axis prepares aligned strontium atoms in the 5s5p3P15s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}5s5p3P1​ level. Excited-state energy pooling collision products from the endothermic $5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}+5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s6s{}^{1}{S}_{0}{+5s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ reaction and the exothermic $5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}+5s5p{}^{3}{P}_{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}5s5p{}^{1}{P}_{1}{+5s}^{2}{}^{1}{S}_{0}$ reaction are studied. Alignment effects are studied as a function of collision energy, using pulsed laser excitation followed by delayed fluorescence detection to lower the transverse collision velocity and laser detuning to vary the collision velocity in the laser-beam direction. The rate coefficient for energy transfer to the 61S06{}^{1}{S}_{0}61S0​ state is enhanced by $38\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}13%$ when the MJ{M}_{J}MJ​ alignment of the collision partners is perpendicular to the collision axis and parallel to each other compared to when there is no alignment of the collision partners. No alignment dependence is observed for energy transfer to the 51P15{}^{1}{P}_{1}51P1​ state. This experiment offers the unique capability of simultaneously and independently controlling collision velocity and angular momentum alignment.
A pulsed laser investigation is performed to study the detailed effects of electronic angular-momentum alignment on the cross section for the energy-transfer process $\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{1}{P}_{1})+\mathrm{Ca}{(4s}^{2}).$ A uniform magnetic field imposed by a set of Helmholtz coils is used to systematically precess the initial state orbitals with a well-defined period, allowing different alignments to be sampled at different time delays after the pulsed laser excites and aligns the Ca(4s4p3P1)\mathrm{Ca}(4s4p{}^{3}{P}_{1})Ca(4s4p3P1​) states. The polarization effects in this collision process are striking. For example, the cross section for two atoms both in the mj=0{m}_{j}=0mj​=0 magnetic substrate is 13 times larger than the cross section for two atoms that are both in the mj=1{m}_{j}=1mj​=1 (or -1) substrate, where the quantization axis is taken to be along the relative velocity vector of the collision. The initial m-sublevel dependence of this three-vector correlation process can be completely described with eight fundamental parameters, five of which are accurately obtained. In addition, the coarse energy dependence of these parameters is deduced.
In a crossed beam atomic energy transfer experiment, relative cross sections are measured between initial and final magnetic substates of atomic orbitals in a three vector correlation experiment. A pulsed laser beam prepares Ca(4s5p 1P1) in a single magnetic sublevel ‖j1mi〉 with respect to the laser polarization vector. Subsequent collision with He at a well-defined relative velocity yields Ca(4s5p 3P2). The near-resonant Ca(4s5p 3P2) is probed by a second polarized pulsed laser, revealing its magnetic sublevel ‖j2mf〉 distribution with respect to the probe laser polarization vector. The experiment is analyzed in the collision frame where the direction of the initial relative velocity vector serves as the quantization axis. In this frame, the initial and final Ca states are characterized by substates ‖j1m1〉 and ‖j2m2〉, respectively. Fourteen collision frame cross sections are needed to describe the energy transfer completely. Eight of these cross sections are real and positive (conventional type—describing population transfer) and six are complex (coherence type—containing phase information). By symmetry, only 15 unique parameters for the real and imaginary parts of the cross sections are required, nine of which are obtained here using linear polarizations and collinear laser beams. Possible cases for circularly polarized light are also tabulated; measurement of these cases would provide several more parameters. For initial parallel preparation of the 1P1 p orbital with respect to the relative velocity (m1=0), the final 3P2 state is highly aligned in the m2=±1 and m2=±2 sublevels. Initial preparation of the p orbital perpendicular to the relative velocity vector (m1=±1) produces an aligned 3P2 state with greater population in the m2=0 and m2=±1 sublevels compared to the m2=±2 sublevels. Using the coherence information and symmetry, orientation cross sections are obtained into the m2=±1 sublevels (i.e., m preserving 1→1 and m-changing 1→−1) and are nearly identical. Preparation of the Ca p orbital perpendicular to the initial relative velocity enhances the state-specific collisional transfer of 1P1→3P2 by a factor of 2.2±0.2 over initial parallel preparation.
Rb atoms were excited to the 5P3/2 level using a single-mode laser diode. The 5P3/2 state atom density was measured by the absorption of line from a Rb hollow-cathode lamp. The excited atom density is combined with measured fluorescence ratio to determine collisional cross section for the energy pooling process [i.e. Rb(5P3/2)+Rb(5P3/2)→Rb(5D)+Rb(5S)]. The cross section is (5.0±1.9)(?)10-14cm2. Cross section for 5P3/2 →5P1/2 transfer in Rb, induced in collision with ground-state Rb atoms, has been determined using methods of atomic fluorescence. The resulting fluorescence included a direct component arising from the optically excited state and a sensitized component due to the collisionally populated fine-structure state and the energy-pooling collisions. Measurement of relative intensities of the two components yielded the following cross section: σ(5P3/2→5P1/2)=(3.0±0.9)×10-15cm2. It is found that the rate for the energy pooling is an order of magnitude more efficient than 5P3/2→5P1/2 mixture. Comparisons of our result with other experiments have been made.
The authors have studied, in a beam experiment, the energy pooling reaction between two laser excited Na*(3p) atoms, where in the final state one of the Na atoms is in the 5s or 4d state and the other in the ground state. The polarization of the Na*(3p) atoms can be varied by changing the laser polarization. By using two counterpropagating Na beams and intersecting them twice by a laser beam (directly and indirectly after reflection against a mirror) the polarization of the two collision partners can be varied independently. Since the laser beam intersects the Na beams at an angle of 87.6 degrees , the relative velocity of the atoms can furthermore be selected by exploiting the Doppler effect. In the authors' experiment the relevant cross sections and coherences, specified according to the various magnetic substate combinations of the colliding Na*(3p) atoms, can be determined.