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Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A

Functional Quantum Theory of Free Relativistic Fermi Fields

Harald Stumpf

Published May 1, 1970• 7 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Functional quantum theory of free Fermi fields is treated for the special case of a free Dirac field. All other cases run on the same pattern. Starting with the Schwinger functionals of the free Dirac field, functional equations and corresponding many particle functionals can be derived. To establish a functional quantum theory, a physical interpretation of the functionals is required. It is provided by a mapping of the physical Hilbert space into an appropriate functional Hilbert space, which is introduced here. Mathematical details, especially the problems connected with anticommuting functional sources are treated in the appendices.

DOI
10.1515/zna-1970-0501

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Functional quantum theory of free Fermi fields is treated for the special case of a free Dirac field. All other cases run on the same pattern. Starting with the Schwinger functionals of the free Dirac field, functional equations and corresponding many particle functionals can be derived. To establish a functional quantum theory, a physical interpretation of the functionals is required. It is provided by a mapping of the physical Hilbert space into an appropriate functional Hilbert space, which is introduced here. Mathematical details, especially the problems connected with anticommuting functional sources are treated in the appendices.
Abstract Dynamics of quantum field theory can be formulated by functional equations. To develop a complete functional quantum theory one has to describe the physical information by functional operations only. The most important physical information of elementary particle physics is the S'-matrix. In this paper the functional S'-matrix is constructed for relativistic spin 1/2 fermion scattering in nonlinear spinortheory with noncanonical relativistic Heisenberg quantization. With appropriate modifications the procedure runs on the same pattern as in the case of nonrelativistic potential scattering treated in I. Furthermore a calculational method for scattering functionals is proposed. In the appendices technical details are discussed.
The tilde conjugation rule in thermofield dynamics, equivalent to the modular conjugation in a [Formula: see text]-algebra, is used to develop unitary representations of the Poincaré group, where the Hilbert space has the phase space content, a symplectic Hilbert space. The state is described by a quasi-amplitude of probability, which is a sort of wave function in phase space, associated with the Wigner function. The quantum field theory in phase space is then constructed, including the quantization rules for the Klein–Gordon and the Dirac fields, the derivation of the electrodynamics in phase space and elements of a relativistic quantum kinetic theory. Towards a physical interpretation of the theory, propagators are associated with the corresponding Wigner functions. The Feynman rules follow accordingly with vertices similar to those of usual non-Abelian quantum field theories.
Influenced by Klauder’s investigations on the same subject, we study the question of correspondence principle for Dirac fields, looking for its formulation without use of Grassman algebras. We prove that with each Fermi operator (the series with respect to asymptotic free fields): Ω (ψ,ψ̄): one can associate the functional ΩC(ψC, ψ̄C) with respect to classical spinor fields. Here the projector 1F and the Hilbert (Fock) space ℱF=1FℱB are given such that the identity 1F: ΩC(ψB, ψ̄B): 1FℱF = :Ω (ψ, ψ̄):ℱF defines the mediating boson level, where coherent state expectation values of operator expressions are in order: 〈:ΩC(ψB, ψ̄B):〉=ΩC(ψC, ψ̄C). For proofs we employ functional differentiation (resp. integration) methods, especially in connection with the use of functional representations of the CCR and CAR algebras.
As in non-relativistic quantum theory, the simplest problem to solve in relativistic quantum theory is that of describing a free particle. Much can be learned from this case which will be of use in interpreting the topics covered in later chapters. Furthermore, some of the most profound features of relativistic quantum theory are well illustrated by the free particle, so it is a very instructive problem to consider in detail. Another advantage of the free-particle problem is that the mathematics involved in solving it is not nearly as involved as that necessary for solving problems involving particles under the influence of potentials. Firstly we shall look briefly at the formulae for the current and probability density, then we shall go on to examine the solutions of the Dirac equation and investigate their behaviour. This leads us to a discussion of spin, the Pauli limit, and the relativistic spin operator. Next we consider the negative energy solutions and show how relativistic quantum theory predicts the existence of antiparticles. Some of the dilemmas this concept introduces and their resolution are discussed. At the end of the chapter we go back to the Klein paradox, and examine it for an incident spin-1/2 particle. We find that the Klein paradox exists for Dirac particles in exactly the same way as it existed for Klein—Gordon particles and has the same resolution and interpretation.
This book provides a comprehensive treatment of quantum mechanics from a mathematics perspective and is accessible to mathematicians starting with second-year graduate students. It addition to traditional topics, like classical mechanics, mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics, quantization, and the Schrodinger equation, this book gives a mathematical treatment of systems of identical particles with spin, and it introduces the reader to functional methods in quantum mechanics. This includes the Feynman path integral approach to quantum mechanics, integration in functional spaces, the relation between Feynman and Wiener integrals, Gaussian integration and regularized determinants of differential operators, fermion systems and integration over anticommuting (Grassmann) variables, supersymmetry and localization in loop spaces, and supersymmetric derivation of the Atiyah-Singer formula for the index of the Dirac operator. Prior to this book, mathematicians could find these topics only in physics textbooks and in specialized literature. This book is written in a concise style with careful attention to precise mathematics formulation of methods and results.Numerous problems, from routine to advanced, help the reader to master the subject. In addition to providing a fundamental knowledge of quantum mechanics, this book could also serve as a bridge for studying more advanced topics in quantum physics, among them quantum field theory. Prerequisites include standard first-year graduate courses covering linear and abstract algebra, topology and geometry, and real and complex analysis.