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Physical review. B, Condensed matter

Nuclear superfluorescence: A feasibility study based on the generalized Haake-Reibold theory

Bohdan Balko, Irvin W. Kay, J. W. Neuberger

Published Jul 1, 1995• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A theory of nuclear superfluorescence (SF) is presented which includes electronic attenuation, competing transitions, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening, and finite pumping times. The effects of the nuclear and atomic parameters on the expected emitted SF pulse shape are analyzed in physically realizable regimes. A number of explicit calculations are made to illustrate the behavior of the pulse under various conditions. The feasibility of observing superfluorescence using the 58.59 keV transition in $^{60}\mathrm{Co}$, is examined.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.52.858

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A theory of nuclear superfluorescence (SF) is presented which includes electronic attenuation, competing transitions, homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening, and finite pumping times. The effects of the nuclear and atomic parameters on the expected emitted SF pulse shape are analyzed in physically realizable regimes. A number of explicit calculations are made to illustrate the behavior of the pulse under various conditions. The feasibility of observing superfluorescence using the 58.59 keV transition in 60Co^{60}\mathrm{Co}60Co, is examined.
This paper generalizes the Haake-Reibold model of superfluorescence to take into account certain effects that, while negligible for atomic emission, are important for the nuclear case. Comparisons are made of three different approaches to numerical computation based on the model, and a number of explicit calculations are made to illustrate the behavior of the emitted pulse under various conditions. In addition, the paper presents detailed analyses of the effects of homogeneous broadening and relaxation on superfluorescent emission.
Recognizing that the complete initial inversion required in superfluorescence (SF) can only be achieved in a finite time, we use two different master equations for two different stages of SF: one describing the initiation of SF during pumping and another one governing the free evolution of SF after pumping. The pumping process is treated as a Poisson process with varying rate to reflect a pump pulse of arbitrary shape. The exact solution to the first master equation is obtained and used as the initial condition for the second master equation. The statistical properties of the tipping angle and the delay time are then calculated explicity. It is shown that the effects of pumping process on these two quantities can be reduced to a parameter called effective head-start time (EHT). Two different expressions for this EHT have been derived: one with saturation effects and another one without.
Superfluorescence (SF) is a many-body process in which a macroscopic polarization spontaneously builds up from an initially incoherent ensemble of excited dipoles and then cooperatively decays, producing a delayed pulse of coherent radiation. SF arising from electron-hole recombination has recently been observed in In0.2Ga0.8As/GaAs{\mathrm{In}}_{0.2}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{0.8}\mathrm{As}/\mathrm{GaAs}In0.2​Ga0.8​As/GaAs quantum wells [G. T. Noe et al., Nature Phys. 8, 219 (2012) and J.-H. Kim et al., Sci. Rep. 3, 3283 (2013)], but its observability conditions have not been fully established. Here, by performing magnetic field (B)(B)(B), temperature (T)(T)(T), and pump power (P)(P)(P) dependent studies of SF intensity, linewidth, and delay time through time-integrated and time-resolved magnetophotoluminescence spectroscopy, we have mapped out the $B\ensuremath{-}T\ensuremath{-}P$ region in which SF is observable. In general, SF can be observed only at sufficiently low temperatures, sufficiently high magnetic fields, and sufficiently high laser powers with characteristic threshold behavior. We provide theoretical insights into these behaviors based primarily on considerations on how the growth rate of macroscopic coherence depends on these parameters. These results provide fundamental new insight into electron-hole SF, highlighting the importance of Coulomb interactions among photogenerated carriers as well as various scattering processes that are absent in SF phenomena in atomic and molecular systems.
This paper compares two processes that can occur, under different conditions, in the same system of nuclei: amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) and superfluorescence (SF). It concludes that the (Trammell and Hannon) conditions for the occurrence of ASE are more restrictive than those for the occurrence of SF. Therefore, the conclusion by some authors based on an analysis of ASE, that coherent electromagnetic emission from a nuclear system is not feasible, is incorrect. The paper examines the feasibility of nuclear SF in 60Co. It concludes that SF will occur in the excited state obtained by thermal neutron pumping with fluxes ranging from 10.18 to 10.23 neutrons per second.
Irradiation of a medium by short intense pulses from x-ray (XUV) free-electron lasers can result in saturated photoionization of inner electronic shells. As a result an inversion of populations between core levels appears. The resulting fluorescent radiation can be amplified during its propagation through the inverted medium and results in intense, quasi-transform-limited radiation bursts. While the optical counterpart of this phenomena, known as superfluorescence, was intensively investigated, a generalized treatment is needed in the x-ray (XUV) domain, where the dynamics of pumping and evolution due to fast decay processes play a crucial role. To provide a general theoretical approach, we start from the fundamental, quantized minimal coupling Hamiltonian of light-matter interaction and after a series of approximations arrive at a closed system of equations for the two-point correlation function of atomic coherences and the two-time correlation function of the emitted field. The obtained formalism enables us to investigate collective spontaneous emission in various regimes. It is extended consistently to include incoherent processes that are relevant in the x-ray (XUV) domain. These processes are introduced into the formalism by corresponding Lindblad superoperators. The connection to other approaches is discussed and numerical examples related to recent experiments are presented.