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The Journal of Chemical Physics

Solving the spin-boson model of strong dissipation with flexible random-deterministic scheme

Yun Zhou, Jiushu Shao

Published Jan 16, 2008• 75 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The zero-temperature dynamics of the spin-boson model with strong dissipation has been a challenging problem for more than 20 years. To solve this and quantum dynamics of dissipative systems at large, we recently proposed a mixed random-deterministic method. This scheme has been successfully used to simulate the time evolution of the spin-boson model at zero temperature for weak to moderate dissipation. For a better numerical performance, the approach is further modified so that it is flexible to convert a certain part of the random treatment to a deterministic one a la hierarchical equations. Applying the new method to the strong dissipated spin-boson model at zero temperature, we observe that the population in the localized state obeys a simple decay dynamics and the time scale is proportional to the reciprocal of the cutoff frequency.

DOI
10.1063/1.2818095

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The zero-temperature dynamics of the spin-boson model with strong dissipation has been a challenging problem for more than 20 years. To solve this and quantum dynamics of dissipative systems at large, we recently proposed a mixed random-deterministic method. This scheme has been successfully used to simulate the time evolution of the spin-boson model at zero temperature for weak to moderate dissipation. For a better numerical performance, the approach is further modified so that it is flexible to convert a certain part of the random treatment to a deterministic one a la hierarchical equations. Applying the new method to the strong dissipated spin-boson model at zero temperature, we observe that the population in the localized state obeys a simple decay dynamics and the time scale is proportional to the reciprocal of the cutoff frequency.
Based on the stochastic decoupling framework and auxiliary function averaging technique, a functional integral equation for the zero-temperature population dynamics of the spin-boson model is established. This equation naturally displays the hierarchical structure of the dissipative dynamics and is amenable to nonperturbative approximations. It is shown that at strong dissipation the spin-boson model displays exponential decay with the rate decreasing from the maximum at the coherence-incoherence crossover to zero at the critical dissipation, a manifestation of quantum phase transition. Besides, the scaled time does not change in the whole regime of strong dissipation.
As a system can be separated from its heat bath via a decoupling scheme based on the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation, the quantum dissipative dynamics is exactly described by the average of the random system moving in the stochastic field induced by the bath. As a test of this stochastic formalism, a direct numerical implementation is employed to simulate the spontaneous decay of a two-state atom. In contrast, the validity of a deterministic algorithm based on the stochastic scheme is investigated. Moreover, a mixed random-deterministic approach is established and its efficiency is exemplified by studying the exact dynamics for the spin-boson model at zero temperature.
The dynamics of the spin-boson model at zero temperature is investigated using the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) method.This method allows a numerically exact description of the dynamics of the spin-boson model in a broad range of coupling strengths.The results show the transition of the dynamics from weakly damped coherent motion to incoherent decay and finally to localization upon increase of the system-bath coupling strength.A detailed analysis of the incoherent decay for stronger coupling reveals that multiple timescales are involved in the dynamics.Furthermore, the applicability of the scaling limit for large characteristic frequencies of the bath as well as the validity of the non-interacting blip approximation are studied in some detail.
In recent years, there has been tremendous focus on identifying whether effective descriptions of open quantum systems such as master equations can accurately describe the dynamics of open quantum systems. One particular question is whether they provide the correct steady state in the long time limit. The transient regime is also of interest. Description of evolution by various master equations---some of them being not completely positive---is benchmarked against exact solutions [see, e.g., R. Hartmann and W. T. Strunz, Phys. Rev. A 101, 012103 (2020)]. An important property of true evolution is its non-Markovian features, which are not captured by the simplest completely positive master equations. In this paper we consider a non-Markovian yet completely positive evolution (known as refined weak coupling or cumulant equation) for the spin-boson model with an overdamped Drude-Lorentz spectral density and arbitrary coupling. We benchmark it against a numerically exact solution, as well as against other master equations, for different coupling strengths and temperatures. We find the cumulant to be a better description in the weak-coupling regime where it is supposed to be valid. For the examples considered it shows superiority at moderate and strong couplings in the low-temperature regime for all examples considered. In the high-temperature regime, however, its advantage vanishes. This indicates that the cumulant equation is a good candidate for simulations at weak to moderate coupling and low temperature. Our calculations are greatly facilitated due to our concise formulation of the cumulant equation by means of representation of the density matrix in the SU(N) basis.
The stochastic limit approximation method for ``rapid'' decay is presented, where the damping rate $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is comparable to the system frequency $\ensuremath{\Omega},$ i.e., $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{\Omega},$ whereas the usual stochastic limit approximation is applied only to the weak damping situation $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\ll}\ensuremath{\Omega}.$ The key formulas for rapid decay are very similar to those for weak damping, but the dynamics are quite different. From a microscopic Hamiltonian, the spin-boson model, a Bloch equation containing two independent time scales is derived. This is a useful method to extract the minimal dissipative dynamics at high temperature ${k}_{B}T\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\Omega}$ and the master equations obtained are of the Lindblad form unlike that of Caldeira and Leggett. The validity of the method is confirmed by comparing the master equation derived through this method with the exact one.
The spin-boson model, describing a two-level system coupled to a bosonic bath, is extensively studied as a paradigmatic dissipative quantum system, exhibiting rich dynamical behavior and even a localization transition in the strong coupling regime. Here, we additionally consider dephasing as a source of Markovian dissipation on top of the non-Markovian dynamics due to an Ohmic bath, and investigate the dynamics of the spin. We show that the characteristic frequency of the spin dynamics, while strongly renormalized by the bosonic bath, changes in a simple fashion (or does not change at all) with dephasing. To obtain these results, we develop an exact nonperturbative method known as the stochastic Schr\"odinger equation, mimicking the Ohmic bath via a stochastic magnetic field combined with the Lindblad quantum master equation due to dephasing, which allows us to numerically compute the dynamics. Furthermore, we derive weak-coupling analytic results utilizing the well-known noninteracting blip approximation. Our findings are relevant to quantum simulation of the spin-boson model in the regime of strong coupling in trapped ions and circuit QED architectures among others.