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Physical Review Letters

Multiphoton Resonance with One to Many Cycles

R. B. Watkins, W. M. Griffith, M. Gatzke, Thomas F. Gallagher

Published Sep 16, 1996• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using radio frequency pulses we connect the relatively unstructured response of a two level system to a half cycle pulse to the resonant response to a monochromatic wave. There is an obvious change from the nonresonant effect of a half cycle pulse to an interference pattern analogous to a Young's two slit interference pattern with two cycles. The analog of illuminating more slits, adding progressively more cycles, leads to a gradual evolution of the interference maxima into sharp resonances. The structured response to M cycles is implicit in the response to one cycle.

DOI
10.1103/physrevlett.77.2424

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Using radio frequency pulses we connect the relatively unstructured response of a two level system to a half cycle pulse to the resonant response to a monochromatic wave. There is an obvious change from the nonresonant effect of a half cycle pulse to an interference pattern analogous to a Young's two slit interference pattern with two cycles. The analog of illuminating more slits, adding progressively more cycles, leads to a gradual evolution of the interference maxima into sharp resonances. The structured response to M cycles is implicit in the response to one cycle.
This experiment explores the quantum phenomenon known as the Quantum Eraser, using a variation of Young’s Double Slit experiment. Young’s Double Slit experiment demonstrates that light acts as a wave by creating an interference pattern when diffracted through two slits. If one measures which of the two slits the photons pass through, then the interference pattern is replaced by a single bright spot, as would be expected for particle-like behaviour. The “Quantum Eraser” eliminates the measurement on the photons, thereby reintroducing the interference pattern observed in Young’s original experiment. The experiment’s first stage saw Young’s Double Slit experiment recreated and an interference pattern was observed. Upon adding two orthogonally polarized filters, the photon’s path was measured, and the interference pattern was removed. By then adding a third filter which was polarized 45O relative to both other polarisers, the interference pattern was somewhat restored. For each experiment, the heights of the peaks in the interference patterns were compared to each other to examine the quality of the reproduced interference pattern based on the original double slit interference pattern. This comparison gave a quantitative result that demonstrated that the Quantum Eraser was able to restore the interference pattern to within 5 standard errors, thereby exemplifying the effect that changing the measurement conditions affects the final measurement.
We investigate the physical mechanism of unipolar half-cycle pulses generation in resonant two-level media with inversion symmetry. The unipolar half-cycle pulse contains substantial nonzero dc or zero-frequency component in its Fourier spectrum of the electric field. Here the origin of zero-frequency component generation in inversion symmetric media driven by symmetric electric field is identified. We show that in the regime of extreme nonlinear optics, i.e. the Rabi frequency is comparable to or even larger than the carrier frequency of the laser pulse, the time evolution of the polarization can display obvious up-down asymmetric structure under certain conditions, which manifests in the zero-frequency component generation, and is responsible for the formation of unipolar half-cycle pulses in the course of pulse propagation.
An analysis of Young’s interference experiment for single cycle pulses showing the time evolution of the interference pattern due to two square apertures is obtained in the Fresnel regime. The fact that the diffraction pattern from each aperture is not constant in time has consequences on the interference pattern. We have also analyzed the changes in the spectrum at different regions at the observation plane. This position-dependent spectrum results in frequency beating of the interference pattern for the case of two apertures.
In an approach based on the nonlinear Riccati-type differential equation for the ratio of the level population amplitudes, rather than on the optical Bloch equations, we describe the response of a two-level system to a few--cycle light pulse of intensity from the regime of extreme nonlinear optics, i.e., when the Rabi and transition frequencies are comparable.Emphasis is put on the dependence of the spectra of the scattered light on the carrier--envelope phase, duration and strength of both resonant and off-resonant pulses.