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Physical Review A

Quantum-nondemolition measurements using cold trapped atoms: Comparison between theory and experiment

Alice Sinatra, Jean-François Roch, K. Vigneron, Philippe Grelu, J.-Ph. Poizat, Kaige Wang, Philippe Grangier

Published Apr 1, 1998• 38 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we present a detailed theoretical analysis of a recent quantum-nondemolition experiment in optics using cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap as a nonlinear medium. A signal beam and a meter beam from two independent lasers are coupled within a \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type three-level scheme in the $D1$ line of ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms. The experimental results for the relevant quantum correlations of the fields, that represent up to now the best achievements for a single back-action evading measurement, are found in a remarkably good agreement with the theoretical predictions from a fully quantum model for three-level atoms in a doubly resonant cavity.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.57.2980

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In this paper we present a detailed theoretical analysis of a recent quantum-nondemolition experiment in optics using cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap as a nonlinear medium. A signal beam and a meter beam from two independent lasers are coupled within a \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type three-level scheme in the D1D1D1 line of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms. The experimental results for the relevant quantum correlations of the fields, that represent up to now the best achievements for a single back-action evading measurement, are found in a remarkably good agreement with the theoretical predictions from a fully quantum model for three-level atoms in a doubly resonant cavity.
We have investigated possible implementations of optical quantum nondemolition measurements, using rubidium atoms in a magneto-optical trap as a nonlinear medium. Using a $\ensuremath{\Lambda}$-type three-level system in the D1 line of 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb, the observed performances are quantitatively the best obtained so far for a single back action evading measurement. Moreover, the magneto-optical trap and the quantum nondemolition effect are both running continuously at the same time and mutual perturbations have been avoided by using a ``dark spot'' technique. This experiment demonstrates clearly the interest of using cold atoms for controlling the quantum fluctuations of light.
In this paper we present a theoretical analysis of a recent quantum non-demolition experiment in optics using cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap as a nonlinear medium. A signal beam and a meter beam from two independent lasers are coupled within a A-type three-level scheme in the D1 line of 87Rb atoms. The experimental results for the relevant quantum correlations of the fields represent up to now the best achievement for a single back-action evading measurement. Moreover, they are found to be in remarkably good agreement with the theoretical predictions from a fully quantum model for three-level atoms in a doubly resonant cavity.
We present a theoretical study of the quantum non-demolition (QND) measurement of an optical intensity in an atomic three-level system, using a quantum linear response theory recently developed. The principle of this scheme is to use the two-photon crossed-phase- modulation effect, in order to couple the quantum intensity fluctuations of the `signal' beam to the quantum phase fluctuations of the `meter' beam. The predictions of the complete theory are compared with recent experimental results using a sodium atomic beam, which include the observation of both squeezing and QND effects.
We present a detailed analysis of the quantum-nondemolition (QND) properties of a measurement scheme employing coherently driven three-level atoms in the \ensuremath{\Lambda} or cascade configuration inside an optical cavity. We propose to use a strong signal field to empty one of the transitions and dress the signal-transition levels. The atoms become transparent for the signal beam, which sees a ``ghost transition.'' When a probe is applied and tuned to the vicinity of one of the light-shifted levels, the probe phase is extremely sensitive to fluctuations of the signal intensity. This enhances the QND coupling and enables the system to operate at lower cooperativities.
Backaction-evading measurement of an optical intensity has been observed, using a three-level system in a sodium atomic beam as a nonlinear medium. The principle of this experiment is to use the cross-phase-modulation effect, which in principle allows one to read nondestructively the quantum intensity fluctuations of the ``signal'' beam when detecting the phase fluctuations of the ``meter'' beam. Using a cavity-enhancement scheme, the quantum noise measured when recombining the signal and meter photocurrents is 0.8 dB below the shot-noise level.