We suggest a new variational approach for quantum spin chains, based on the stochastic behavior of the quantization axes, which describes a chain in terms of a classical and a quantum contribution to the free energy. For an easy-plane ferromagnetic chain with the external field in the plane it reveals that the nonlinear excitations are predominantly described by the classical degrees of freedom. Hence it offers a fundamental basis for the description of the elementary excitations of such systems in terms of classical solitons and quantum spin waves, as suggested by various experiments.
We investigate the quantum corrections to the energy of the static soliton in the
XY-like ferromagnetic spin chain in a symmetry-breaking external field. We apply a semiclassical continuum approximation which allows us to treat the leading-order deviations from idealized planar behavior. The equivalent quantum-field theory, an extension of the quantum sine-Gordon theory, is renormalized and its soliton energy is shown to depend strongly on this deviation. The quantum-field-theoretical renormalization, however, does not affect the energy of the magnetic soliton, which is calculated to leading order in
S1, where
S is the spin length. The sine-Gordon limit is found applicable only for very large anisotropies; for realistic anisotropies, the reduction of the soliton energy owing to quantum effects is enhanced and depends only on
S. A quantitative calculation for the
S=1 system CsNi
F3 is likely to require higher-order terms in
S1.