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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe & European Quantum Electronics Conference (CLEO/Europe-EQEC)

Operational significance of discord consumption

Thomas Symul, Helen M. Chrzanowski, Syed M. Assad, Ping Koy Lam, Timothy C. Ralph, Mile Gu, Kavan Kishore Modi, Vlatko Vedral

Published May 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

For many years, the notion of quantum correlations was equated with the notion of quantum entanglement. The wide range of quantum protocols whose extra-powers over classical protocol were shown to originate from quantum entanglement mostly motivated this. For example, it was shown that for certain class of problems, a quantum computer could provide exponential speed-up over its classical counterpart, given that it relied on quantum entangled resources. Recently, however, the requirement of possessing entanglement to perform efficient quantum computation has been questioned both theoretically [1] and experimentally [2]. It appears that a non-classical quantity called quantum discord [3] is all that is required.

DOI
10.1109/cleoe-iqec.2013.6801704

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For many years, the notion of quantum correlations was equated with the notion of quantum entanglement. The wide range of quantum protocols whose extra-powers over classical protocol were shown to originate from quantum entanglement mostly motivated this. For example, it was shown that for certain class of problems, a quantum computer could provide exponential speed-up over its classical counterpart, given that it relied on quantum entangled resources. Recently, however, the requirement of possessing entanglement to perform efficient quantum computation has been questioned both theoretically [1] and experimentally [2]. It appears that a non-classical quantity called quantum discord [3] is all that is required.
entanglement generated by the far beyond intuitive pure quantum phenomena such as EPRparadox,Schr?dinger's Equation has been considered not only as one of the significant notions in quantum theorybut also a key of realizing the Super Dense Coding and the Quantum Teleportation in quantum communication.However,recent researches show that quantum entanglement is less likely to account for all the properties of quan-tum correlations.Except for the quantum entanglement,researchers find other non-classical correlations like quan-tum discord,which plays a pivotal role in quantum information and quantum computation and that's why the purequbit-decisive quantum computer possesses computational efficiency.With this clarification,quantum discord com-pletely can be a new resource of quantum computation.In this paper,basic notions and measurement methods ofnon- classical correlations(including quantum entanglement) were discussed and the quantum correlationproperties of the quantum discord in various models were analyzed and compared with the quantum entanglement.Conducting researches on the non-classical correlations in various quantum systems are not merely meritorious tothe quantum theory,in the mean time,may provide some efficient thoughts and motivations for researchers to em-ploy theoretical concepts about quantum correlations for avoiding decoherence and theoretical scenario for the exper-iments.
Recent measures of nonclassical correlations are motivated by different notions of classicality and operational means. Quantum discord has received a great deal of attention in studies involving quantum computation, metrology, dynamics, many-body physics, and thermodynamics. In this article I show how quantum discord is different from quantum entanglement from a pedagogical point of view. I begin with a pedagogical introduction to quantum entanglement and quantum discord, followed by a historical review of quantum discord. Next, I give a novel definition of quantum discord in terms of any classically extractable information, an approach that is fitting for the current avenues of research. Lastly, I put forth several arguments for why discord is an interesting quantity to study and why it is of interest to so many researchers in the community.
Quantum entanglement is the most popular kind of quantum correlations. Its role in several tasks in quantum information theory like quantum cryptography, quantum dense coding and quantum teleportation is indisputable. The role of entanglement in quantum algorithms has also attracted enormous amount of attention in the literature. The research in this direction is motivated by the finding that a quantum computer can efficiently factorize arbitrary integer numbers. Since no classical algorithm is known today that can solve this problem efficiently, this example clearly demonstrates the superiority of a quantum computer compared to its classical counterpart. In this context, entanglement also plays a crucial role: if the quantum computer operates on a pure state without entanglement, then the computational process can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. In this case entanglement is the key ingredient that makes the difference between a quantum and a classical computer. However, the situation is more involved if the computational process is not perfect. In this case the quantum computer operates on a mixed state, and the role of entanglement is less obvious. A seminal result in this direction is a quantum algorithm known under the acronym DQC1. This algorithm operates on an almost maximally mixed state with vanishingly little entanglement. However, DQC1 can still perform tasks efficiently for which no efficient classical algorithm is known today. Thus, it is reasonable to assume that entanglement in general is not related to the efficiency of a quantum algorithm. Triggered by this observation other kinds of quantum correlations have been studied. In this context a particular measure of quantum correlations known as quantum discord is referred to frequently in the literature. Quantum discord is a measure of quantum correlations beyond entanglement, i.e., a quantum state can have no entanglement, but nonvanishing quantum discord. Quantum discord is also regarded as the key resource in the DQC1 algorithm. Although this statement is still controversial, it was shown under very general assumptions that quantum discord is required if a quantum computer is to show an exponential speedup over any classical algorithm. In this thesis we give a short introduction into the theory of entanglement and general quantum correlations, and further discuss our results. In particular, we show that two different kinds of entanglement measures can coincide. This result is used to build an algorithm for computing entanglement. We also consider the role of quantum correlations for the distribution of entanglement and for the quantum measurement process. We further discuss the behavior of quantum correlations under local noise, and their monogamy properties.
Discordant states appear in a large number of quantum phenomena and seem to be a good indicator of divergence from classicality. While there is evidence that they are essential for a quantum algorithm to have an advantage over a classical one, their precise role is unclear. We examine the role of discord in quantum algorithms using the paradigmatic framework of restricted distributed quantum gates and show that manipulating discordant states using local operations has an associated cost in terms of entanglement and communication resources. Changing discord reduces the total correlations and reversible operations on discordant states usually require nonlocal resources. Discord alone is, however, not enough to determine the need for entanglement. A more general type of similar quantities, which we call KKK discord, is introduced as a further constraint on the kinds of operations that can be performed without entanglement resources.
Measurements of Quantum Systems disturb their states. To quantify this non-classical characteristic, Zurek and Ollivier introduced the quantum discord, a quantum correlation which can be nonzero even when entanglement in the system is zero. Discord has aroused great interest as a resource that is more robust against the effects of decoherence and offers exponential speed up of certain computational algorithms. Here, we study general two-level bipartite systems and give general results on the relationship between discord, entanglement, and linear entropy, and identify the states for which discord takes a maximal value for a given entropy or entanglement, thus placing strong bounds on entanglement-discord and entropy-discord relations. We find out that although discord and entanglement are identical for pure states, they differ when generalized to mixed states as a result of the difference in the method of generalization.
In this didactic article we explore the concept of quantum correlations beyond entanglement. We begin by introducing and motivating the classically correlated states and then showing how to quantify the quantum correlations using an entropic approach, arriving at a well known measure called the quantum discord. Quantum correlations and discord are then operationally linked with the task of local broadcasting. We conclude by providing some alternative perspectives on quantum correlations and how to measure them.