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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Design of a frequency stabilization system using polarization spectrum in Cr atom lithography

Min Zhao, Fosheng Li, Zhanshan Wang, Baowu Zhang, Yan Ma

Published Sep 30, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

By using of polarization spectrum, a laser frequency stabilization system for Cr atom lithography was designed. In order to eliminate the noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a Lock-in amplifier was used. Calculation shows that the frequency discrimination signal is a purely dispersive signal. The energy sublevel distributions of Cr atom, which are important for frequency discrimination signal as the designed system would be used for Cr atom lithography, were also discussed. The nuclear magnetic torque of Cr atom is zero, which in turn has no influence on the energy level of Cr atom. Calculation shows that several other factors, such as the isotopes and the earth magnetic field, had little influence on the energy level of Cr atom, indicating that they could be ignored in the current experimental system. Some factors which will influence the line width and the linearity of the discrimination signal are also discussed.

DOI
10.1117/12.625023

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By using of polarization spectrum, a laser frequency stabilization system for Cr atom lithography was designed. In order to eliminate the noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio, a Lock-in amplifier was used. Calculation shows that the frequency discrimination signal is a purely dispersive signal. The energy sublevel distributions of Cr atom, which are important for frequency discrimination signal as the designed system would be used for Cr atom lithography, were also discussed. The nuclear magnetic torque of Cr atom is zero, which in turn has no influence on the energy level of Cr atom. Calculation shows that several other factors, such as the isotopes and the earth magnetic field, had little influence on the energy level of Cr atom, indicating that they could be ignored in the current experimental system. Some factors which will influence the line width and the linearity of the discrimination signal are also discussed.
Atom lithography has now become an important means for manufacturing Nano-scale gratings, which are indispensable instruments for Nano-scale dimensional metrology. However, the presence of laser frequency drift makes the results unsatisfactory. Using the atoms’ laser induced fluorescence (LIF) to stabilize the laser frequency provides an effective method of overcoming the drift. This paper gives an analysis with regard to our own experimentation conditions in some aspects, such as fluorescence of Cr beam, difference signal, the correlation between laser frequency and the central of fluorescence. Based on the analysis, the laser induced fluorescence frequency stabilizing equipment is built in our selfdesigned system of chromium atom lithography. The laser is detuned near the wavelength of the 7S3→7P40 transition of 52Cr, so that the atom beam could be illuminated. The power of the laser we used is 15mW. The position of the fluorescent spot depends on detune of the laser. This spot is imaged onto a split- photodiode. Whenever the laser frequency exhibits some deviations from the desired value, the difference signal between the right and the left area of the detector is non-zero. The measured signal is used to servo-lock the laser. It is acquired by the servo-lock port of the Ti:sapphire laser. As a result, the laser frequency is stabilized in the wavelength corresponding to 7S3→7P40 transition of 52Cr. The stability is superior
We herein develop and demonstrate a stable frequency-locking scheme for Rydberg atomic experiments. We use the Zeeman effect to modulate the three-level ladder-type Rydberg electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) signal to lock the laser frequency of the coupling light for transition from its intermediate state to a Rydberg state. The effects of polarization of the probe and coupling lights, and the amplitude of the AC modulated magnetic field B 0 on the EIT and the corresponding dispersive error signal, are both analyzed. The results show that both the EIT signal and dispersive error signal are the strongest when the polarizations of coupling and probe fields are circular and equal. The signal-to-noise ratio of the dispersive error signal increases with B 0 . The slope of the dispersive error signal increases first and then decreases with B 0 , which is related to the increase of the EIT linewidth caused by the higher B 0 . The linewidth of the laser is significantly less than 500 kHz after frequency locking, which satisfies the requirements of most experiments involving Rydberg atoms. The method proposed herein can generally be applied to any cascade system of Rydberg atoms.
We present a method of laser frequency stabilization based on the linear dichroism signal in a transverse magnetic field. This method is similar to the DAVLL (Dichroic Atomic Vapor Laser Lock) method. It differs from DAVLL and from its existing modifications primarily by the fact that it uses signals of linearly polarized light caused by alignment, rather than circular refraction caused by orientation, and therefore allows us to obtain error signals at the magnetic field modulation frequency (or its second harmonic) by extremely simple means. The method allows the laser frequency to be stabilized in the vicinity of the low-frequency transition in the D1 line of Cs; it does not require strong magnetic fields or careful shielding of cells containing cesium atoms. Although the absorption line in a gas-filled cell is typically gigahertz wide, the achievable resolution, limited by the signal-to-noise ratio of photon shot noise, can reach units or tens of kilohertz in a one hertz bandwidth.
Theory of all optical cesium magnetometer is based on the optical testing which can be used in weak magnetic field measurement.The character of laser frequency stabilization would affect the magnetometer sensitivity directly.In this work,the principle of dichroic atomic vapor laser lock(DAVLL) is analyzed and compared with the other frequency stabilization methods.The method basing on traditional two-level atom is not applicable to cesium D2 transitional frequency stabilization.The DAVLL spectra of D2 line from ground states of Fg=4 and Fg=3 transitions at different magnetic field are measured.That the optimum magnetic field is about 16mT for two transitions is found out.The dependence of the frequency shift of the zero point of the frequency discrimination curve on the magnetic field strength is discussed.The result show that the magnetic field would make the zero point from ground state Fg =4 transition shift of 6MHz/mT relative to Fg=4→Fe=5 transition and shift of-9MHz/mT for ground Fg=3 transition relative to Fg=3→Fe=4 transition near the optimum field respectively.
We report the frequency stabilization of a diode laser by applying the dichroic-atomic-vapor laser lock (DAVLL) method to a thin Rb vapor cell. A 1-mm-long Rb vapor cell is used to obtain a sub-Doppler spectrum that is required for frequency locking, which is easier than in the case of using a saturated absorption spectrometer. A 794-nm diode laser is tuned to the Rb D 1 line, and sub-Doppler signals are observed by introducing a pumping beam and a probe beam in a perpendicular direction. We obtain error signals by subtracting the signals of σ+ polarized beams from that of σ- polarized beams in the presence of a magnetic field and stabilized the 794 nm diode laser frequency without modulating laser parameters. The stability of the 794-nm diode laser is evaluated using other independently stabilized diode laser.
We present a technique, called the polarization enhanced tunable Doppler-free dichroic lock (PET-DFDL) technique, for frequency stabilization of a laser system. This technique is based on the magnetically induced circular dichroism for a pair of circularly polarized probe beams overlapped by oppositely circularly polarized counterpropagating pump beams. The amplitude and slope of the signal generated in the PET-DFDL technique at cooling transition F = 2 → F ′ = 3 in 87 R b atom are nearly 4 times higher than those of signal generated from conventional Doppler-free dichroic lock (DFDL). The proposed PET-DFDL technique can also provide tunable lock-position. The frequency stability of a laser system locked with the PET-DFDL technique has been improved by factor of 2 as compared to frequency stability obtained by the DFDL technique. The dependence of PET-DFDL signal on pump beam power and magnetic field for the cooling transition of 87 R b atom is also investigated.