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Physical Review A

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-state analyzer

Jian-Wei Pan, Anton Zeilinger

Published Mar 1, 1998• 213 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using just polarizing beam splitters and half-wave plates, we present a practical experimental scheme, by which one can conveniently identify two of the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. The scheme can easily be generalized to the $N$-particle case. The GHZ-state analyzer is essential for multiparticle generalizations of quantum dense coding, quantum teleportation, and entanglement swapping.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.57.2208

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Using just polarizing beam splitters and half-wave plates, we present a practical experimental scheme, by which one can conveniently identify two of the three-particle Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states. The scheme can easily be generalized to the NNN-particle case. The GHZ-state analyzer is essential for multiparticle generalizations of quantum dense coding, quantum teleportation, and entanglement swapping.
Symmetric multiport splitters are versatile tools in optical quantum information processing. They can be used for studying multiparticle scattering, for studying distinguishability and mixedness, and also for the generation of multipartite entangled quantum states. Here, we show that NNN-photon NNN-mode Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states can be generated using symmetric multiport beam splitters. Varying the input states' internal degrees of freedom and postselecting onto certain photon-number distributions allows the probabilistic generation of GHZ states with arbitrary photon numbers. We present two schemes, one for odd and one for even numbers of photons, to generate GHZ states using symmetric multiport splitters and compare them to a strategy utilizing a 2N2N2N-port network as well as the standard postselection method.
In a gedanken experiment N particles in a generalized Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-(GHZ)-type beam-entangled state (each particle can be in one of M beams) are fed into N symmetric 2M2M2M-port beam splitters (spatially separated). Correlation functions for such a process (using the Bell numbers value assignment approach) reveal a remarkable symmetry. For N=M+1> 4N=M+1>~4N=M+1> 4 a series of GHZ paradoxes are shown.
This Letter reports the first experimental demonstration of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) entanglement swapping. We start with three pairs of entangled photons. Upon projection of three single photons, each from an entangled pair, into a GHZ state, the other three originally independent photons are entangled in a GHZ state-creation of multiparticle entanglement without any direct interaction. This scheme may facilitate networks for quantum telephone exchange, multiparty quantum communication and distributed quantum computation.