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Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics

Quantum kinetic equation in the closed-time-path formalism

Jun Koide

Published Nov 1, 2000• 8 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A systematic derivation of the quantum kinetic equation is presented in the framework of a closed-time-path formalism. Introducing a probe, the expectation value of the number operator is calculated as a functional of the probing source. Then, solving for the source by inverting the relation, the removal of the source leads to the quantum kinetic equation as the equation of motion for the number, which gives a generalization of the Boltzmann equation including memory. The inversion formula is used in the course of the derivation. The calculation is presented up to third order in interaction, and the effect of initial correlations is also considered.

DOI
10.1103/physreve.62.5953

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Uniuersiteit van Amsterdam

The memory kernel of the kinetic equation for the time correlation function of a quantum fluid is determined both in third order of the interaction strength and in the low-density approximation. The results are obtained with the help of a diagram representation for the kernel. The connexion with the kinetic theory for classical fluids is established. The properties of a nonequilibrium fluid may be studied with the help of the kinetic theory of time correlation functions. These functions are determined by specifying the memory kernel in the kinetic equation that governs their time evolution. For classical fluids a suitable formalism that permits the approximate evaluation of this kernel has been developed several years ago (for a review see ref. 1). The generalization of these methods to the case of quantum fluids was considered in a few recent papers2f3). In particular, the memory kernel was established for a normal quantum fluid in the weakcoupling approximation. In the long-time and large-distance limit this kernel reduces to that of the linearized Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation4) in which the scattering amplitude is replaced by its first Born approximation. The purpose of the present paper is to extend the available results by employing higher-order perturbation theory for the evaluation of the memory kernel. An essential ingredient of the treatment will consist in the introduction of four-point diagrams that represent the various contributions to the kernel. With the use of this diagram representation we shall derive the memory kernel in third order of the interaction strength. In this order the kernel still has the same general form as the weak-coupling kernel, but with shifted energies and a generalized transition probability. Its relation to the kernel of the linearized Bogoliubov-Gurov’) equation will be established. An alternative approach to the approximate evaluation of the memory kernel makes use of an expansion in the density. The low-density limit of the

•Jan 1, 1981•0 citations
A systematic derivation of the quantum kinetic equation is presented in the framework of a closed-time-path formalism. Introducing a probe, the expectation value of the number operator is calculated as a functional of the probing source. Then, solving for the source by inverting the relation, the removal of the source leads to the quantum kinetic equation as the equation of motion for the number, which gives a generalization of the Boltzmann equation including memory. The inversion formula is used in the course of the derivation. The calculation is presented up to third order in interaction, and the effect of initial correlations is also considered.
The inversion method to derive the quantum kinetic equation is extended to the case of an inhomogeneous system. Within the closed-time-path formalism, the source is introduced to probe the (Fourier transform of the) Wigner distribution function and the equation of motion for the Wigner function is derived perturbatively by the inversion formulae. The equation of motion has the form of the generalized Boltzmann equation, which is non-local in space and time. For the obtained kinetic equation, the local conservation laws of number, energy and momentum are confirmed.
Within the closed-time-path formalism, a perturbative method is presented, which reduces the microscopic field theory to the quantum kinetic theory. In order to make this reduction, the expectation value of a physical quantity must be calculated under the condition that the Wigner distribution function is fixed, because it is the independent dynamical variable in the quantum kinetic theory. It is shown that when a nonequilibrium Green function in the form of the generalized Kadanoff-Baym ansatz is utilized, this condition appears as a cancellation of a certain part of contributions in the diagrammatic expression of the expectation value. Together with the quantum kinetic equation, which can be derived in the closed-time-path formalism, this method provides a basis for the kinetic-theoretical description.
Utilizing a non-equilibrium Green function like the generalized Kadanoff-Baym ansatz, a systematic perturbative method is presented to calculate the expectation value of an arbitrary physical quantity under the restriction that the Wigner distribution function is fixed. It is shown that, in the diagrammatic expression of the quantity, a certain part of contributions can be eliminated due to the restriction. Together with the quantum kinetic equation, this method provides a basis for the kinetic-theoretical description.
The aim of this paper is twofold: to probe the statistical mechanical properties of interacting quantum fields, and to provide a field theoretical justification for a stochastic source term in the Boltzmann equation. We start with the formulation of quantum field theory in terms of the set of Schwinger-Dyson equations for the correlation functions, which we describe by a closed-time-path master $(n=\ensuremath{\infty}\mathrm{PI})$ effective action. When the hierarchy is simply truncated to a certain order, one obtains the usual closed system of correlation functions up to that order, and from the nPIn\mathrm{PI}nPI effective action, a set of time-reversal invariant equations of motion. (This is the Dyson equation, the quantum field theoretical parallel of the collisionless Boltzmann equation.) But when the effect of the higher order correlation functions is included through a causal factorization condition (such as the molecular chaos assumption in Boltzmann's theory) called slaving, the dynamics of the lower order correlations shows dissipative features, as familiar in the usual (dissipative yet noiseless) Boltzmann equation, the field-theoretical version of which being the dissipative Dyson equations. We show that a fluctuation-dissipation relation should exist for such effectively open systems, and use this fact to show that a stochastic term, which explicitly introduces quantum fluctuations in the lower order correlation functions, necessarily accompanies the dissipative term. This leads to a stochastic Dyson equation, which is the quantum field theoretic parallel of the classical Boltzmann-Langevin equation, encompassing both the dissipative and stochastic dynamics of correlation functions.
The memory kernel of the kinetic equation for the time correlation function of a quantum fluid is determined both in third order of the interaction strength and in the low-density approximation. The results are obtained with the help of a diagram representation for the kernel. The connexion with the kinetic theory for classical fluids is established. The properties of a nonequilibrium fluid may be studied with the help of the kinetic theory of time correlation functions. These functions are determined by specifying the memory kernel in the kinetic equation that governs their time evolution. For classical fluids a suitable formalism that permits the approximate evaluation of this kernel has been developed several years ago (for a review see ref. 1). The generalization of these methods to the case of quantum fluids was considered in a few recent papers2f3). In particular, the memory kernel was established for a normal quantum fluid in the weakcoupling approximation. In the long-time and large-distance limit this kernel reduces to that of the linearized Uehling-Uhlenbeck equation4) in which the scattering amplitude is replaced by its first Born approximation. The purpose of the present paper is to extend the available results by employing higher-order perturbation theory for the evaluation of the memory kernel. An essential ingredient of the treatment will consist in the introduction of four-point diagrams that represent the various contributions to the kernel. With the use of this diagram representation we shall derive the memory kernel in third order of the interaction strength. In this order the kernel still has the same general form as the weak-coupling kernel, but with shifted energies and a generalized transition probability. Its relation to the kernel of the linearized Bogoliubov-Gurov’) equation will be established. An alternative approach to the approximate evaluation of the memory kernel makes use of an expansion in the density. The low-density limit of the