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Physical Review

Derivation of the Landau Theory of Fermi Liquids. I. Formal Preliminaries

Ph. Nozières, J. M. Luttinger

Published Sep 1, 1962• 134 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The formal relationships necessary to derive the Landau theory of Fermi liquids are given. These include relationships between scattering functions for small energy and momentum transfers, vertex functions, and correlation functions. In addition certain identities (of the Ward type in quantum electrodynamics) are established which enable us to evaluate these quantities. Finally, the form of all these relationships when a long-ranged Coulomb force is present is given.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.127.1423

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Derivation of the Landau Theory of Fermi Liquids. II. Equilibrium Properties and Transport Equation

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We develop a general theory of fermion liquids in spatial dimensions greater than 1. The principal method, bosonization, is applied to the cases of short- and long-range longitudinal interactions and to transverse gauge interactions. All the correlation funtions of the system may be obtained with the use of a generating functional. Short-range and Coulomb interactions do not destroy the Landau-Fermi fixed point. Non-Fermi liquid fixed points are found, however, in the cases of a super-long-range longitudinal interaction in two dimensions and transverse gauge interactions in two and three spatial dimensions. We consider in some detail the (2+1)-dimensional problem of a Chern-Simons gauge action combined with a longitudinal two-body interaction V(q)\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}q${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{y}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which controls the density, and hence gauge, fluctuations. For y0 we find that the gauge interaction is irrelevant and the Landau fixed point is stable, while for y>0 the interaction is relevant and the fixed point cannot be accessed by bosonization. Of special importance is the case y=0 (Coulomb interaction), which describes the Halperin-Lee-Read theory of the half-filled Landau level. We obtain the full quasiparticle propagator, which is of a marginal Fermi-liquid form. Using Ward identities, we show that neither the inclusion of nonlinear terms in the fermion dispersion nor vertex corrections alters our results: the fixed point is accessible by bosonization. As the two-point fermion Green's function is not gauge invariant, we also invetigate the gauge-invariant density response function. Near momentum Q=2${\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}$, in addition to the Kohn anomaly we find other nonanalytic behavior. In the appendies we present a numerical calculation of the spectral function for a Fermi liquid with Landau parameter ${\mathit{f}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\ne}0. We also show how Kohn's theorem is satisfied within the bosonization framework.

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This paper is a short review on the foundations and recent advances in the microscopic Fermiliquid (FL) theory.We demonstrate that this theory is built on five identities, which follow from conservation of total charge (particle number), spin, and momentum in a translationally and SU (2)invariant FL.These identities allows one to express the effective mass and quasiparticle residue in terms of an exact vertex function and also impose constraints on the "quasiparticle" and "incoherent" (or "low-energy" and "high-energy") contributions to the observable quantities.Such constraints forbid certain Pomeranchuk instabilities of a FL, e.g., towards phases with order parameters that coincide with charge and spin currents.We provide diagrammatic derivations of these constraints and of the general (Leggett) formula for the susceptibility in arbitrary angular momentum channel, and illustrate the general relations through simple examples treated in the perturbation theory.It is our great pleasure to write this article for the special volume in celebration of the 85th birthday of Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii, who, in our view, is one the greatest physicist of his generation and the model of a scientist and citizen.His seminal volumes on Statistical Physics (with E. M. Lifshitz), 1 Physical Kinetics 2 (also with E. M. Lifshitz), and Quantum Electrodynamics 3 (with V. B. Berestetskii and E. M. Lifshitz), all parts of the Landau and Lifshitz Course on Theoretical Physics, as well as on Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity 4 (with S. Stringari) are not only used by every contemporary physicist but also, as we are positive, will serve the future generations of scientists from around the world.The paper we present for this volume is devoted to the microscopic theory of a Fermi liquid, which was pioneered by Lev Petrovich in the early 1960s.The general relations he obtained with Landau, which express the effective mass m * /m and the quasiparticle residue Z in terms of the vertex function (the Pitaevskii-Landau relations), set the gold standard for many-body theory.We hope that Lev Petrovich and other readers of this volume will find our summary of recent developments in this field interesting.

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Fermi-Liquid Theory and Pomeranchuk Instabilities: Fundamentals and New Developments

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Normal-Fermi-Liquid Theory for Electrons in Solids

B. L. Jones, J. W. McClure

A Landau-type Fermi-liquid theory for interacting electrons moving in a fixed periodic potential is derived. Two methods are used: the Green's-function method, which gives a more physical description of the system but does not give all the desired results, and the many-body perturbation-theory approach, which is complete but is more complicated. The Green's-function formalism of Kadanoff and Baym is adapted to inhomogeneous systems by rewriting it in operator form. A kinetic equation for an energy-dependent, single-particle density matrix is then derived. The quasiparticle concept is introduced and a formal solution of the kinetic equation is given and discussed. These developments are specialized to the periodic potential and a transport equation of the Landau-Boltzmann type is derived for quasiparticles moving within a single energy band. Expressions for the density and current density are then identified from a continuity equation. Although the present work does not treat real transitions between energy bands, the Green's-function method suggests a plausible form for a Landau-like theory which includes such transitions. The perturbation-theory treatment follows the work of Luttinger and Nozi\`eres, who derived Landau's theory for systems without a lattice potential. When the perturbation theory is expressed in terms of Bloch functions, the quantities involved become matrices between different energy bands. However, it is shown that many of the key results of Luttinger and Nozi\`eres can be suitably generalized. The perturbation-theory calculation shows that when the periodic potential is present the change in quasiparticle energy can still be expressed in terms of the variation of the quasiparticle distribution function, and that the results obtained from the Green's-function approach are exact in the case of slowly varying external fields.

Physical Review•Mar 4, 1966•20 citations
The formal relationships necessary to derive the Landau theory of Fermi liquids are given. These include relationships between scattering functions for small energy and momentum transfers, vertex functions, and correlation functions. In addition certain identities (of the Ward type in quantum electrodynamics) are established which enable us to evaluate these quantities. Finally, the form of all these relationships when a long-ranged Coulomb force is present is given.
We develop a general theory of fermion liquids in spatial dimensions greater than 1. The principal method, bosonization, is applied to the cases of short- and long-range longitudinal interactions and to transverse gauge interactions. All the correlation funtions of the system may be obtained with the use of a generating functional. Short-range and Coulomb interactions do not destroy the Landau-Fermi fixed point. Non-Fermi liquid fixed points are found, however, in the cases of a super-long-range longitudinal interaction in two dimensions and transverse gauge interactions in two and three spatial dimensions. We consider in some detail the (2+1)-dimensional problem of a Chern-Simons gauge action combined with a longitudinal two-body interaction V(q)\ensuremath{\propto}\ensuremath{\Vert}q${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{\mathit{y}\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which controls the density, and hence gauge, fluctuations. For y0 we find that the gauge interaction is irrelevant and the Landau fixed point is stable, while for y>0 the interaction is relevant and the fixed point cannot be accessed by bosonization. Of special importance is the case y=0 (Coulomb interaction), which describes the Halperin-Lee-Read theory of the half-filled Landau level. We obtain the full quasiparticle propagator, which is of a marginal Fermi-liquid form. Using Ward identities, we show that neither the inclusion of nonlinear terms in the fermion dispersion nor vertex corrections alters our results: the fixed point is accessible by bosonization. As the two-point fermion Green's function is not gauge invariant, we also invetigate the gauge-invariant density response function. Near momentum Q=2kF{\mathit{k}}_{\mathit{F}}kF​, in addition to the Kohn anomaly we find other nonanalytic behavior. In the appendies we present a numerical calculation of the spectral function for a Fermi liquid with Landau parameter f0{\mathit{f}}_{0}f0​\ensuremath{\ne}0. We also show how Kohn's theorem is satisfied within the bosonization framework.
In Landau's phenomenological Fermi-liquid theory (FLT), most physical quantities are derived from the knowledge of the energy variation δE[δn] corresponding to a change δn of the quasi-particle (QP) distribution function n≡{nkσ}. We show that the internal energy E[n] (or, more precisely, the thermodynamic potential Φ[n]), expressed as a function of the QP distribution n, can be interpreted as an effective potential (in the sense of field theory), which is obtained from the free energy by a Legendre transformation. This allows to obtain explicitly δΦ (or δE) starting from a microscopic Hamiltonian and to relate the Landau f function to the forward-scattering two-particle vertex without considering the collective modes as in the standard diagrammatic derivation of FLT. Out-of-equilibrium properties are obtained by extending the definition of the effective potential to space- and time-dependent configurations. Φ[n] is then a functional of the Wigner distribution function n≡{nkσ (r,t)}. It contains information about both the static and dynamic properties of the Fermi liquid. In particular, it yields the quantum Boltzmann equation satisfied by nkσ (r, t). Finally, we show how δΦ[δn] can be derived (in the static case) using a finite-temperature renormalization-group approach. In agreement with previous results based on this technique, we find that the Landau f function is defined by the fixed-point value of the Ω-limit of the forward-scattering two-particle vertex.
This paper is a short review on the foundations and recent advances in the microscopic Fermiliquid (FL) theory.We demonstrate that this theory is built on five identities, which follow from conservation of total charge (particle number), spin, and momentum in a translationally and SU (2)invariant FL.These identities allows one to express the effective mass and quasiparticle residue in terms of an exact vertex function and also impose constraints on the "quasiparticle" and "incoherent" (or "low-energy" and "high-energy") contributions to the observable quantities.Such constraints forbid certain Pomeranchuk instabilities of a FL, e.g., towards phases with order parameters that coincide with charge and spin currents.We provide diagrammatic derivations of these constraints and of the general (Leggett) formula for the susceptibility in arbitrary angular momentum channel, and illustrate the general relations through simple examples treated in the perturbation theory.It is our great pleasure to write this article for the special volume in celebration of the 85th birthday of Lev Petrovich Pitaevskii, who, in our view, is one the greatest physicist of his generation and the model of a scientist and citizen.His seminal volumes on Statistical Physics (with E. M. Lifshitz), 1 Physical Kinetics 2 (also with E. M. Lifshitz), and Quantum Electrodynamics 3 (with V. B. Berestetskii and E. M. Lifshitz), all parts of the Landau and Lifshitz Course on Theoretical Physics, as well as on Bose-Einstein condensation and superfluidity 4 (with S. Stringari) are not only used by every contemporary physicist but also, as we are positive, will serve the future generations of scientists from around the world.The paper we present for this volume is devoted to the microscopic theory of a Fermi liquid, which was pioneered by Lev Petrovich in the early 1960s.The general relations he obtained with Landau, which express the effective mass m * /m and the quasiparticle residue Z in terms of the vertex function (the Pitaevskii-Landau relations), set the gold standard for many-body theory.We hope that Lev Petrovich and other readers of this volume will find our summary of recent developments in this field interesting.
Abstract This paper is a short review on the foundations and recent advances in the microscopic Fermi-liquid (FL) theory. We demonstrate that this theory is built on five identities, which follow from conservation of the total charge (particle number), spin, and momentum in a translationally and SU(2)-invariant FL. These identities allow one to express the effective mass and quasiparticle residue in terms of an exact vertex function and also impose constraints on the “quasiparticle” and “incoherent” (or “low-energy” and “high-energy”) contributions to the observable quantities. Such constraints forbid certain Pomeranchuk instabilities of a FL, e.g., towards phases with order parameters that coincide with charge and spin currents. We provide diagrammatic derivations of these constraints and of the general (Leggett) formula for the susceptibility in arbitrary angular momentum channel, and illustrate the general relations through simple examples treated in perturbation theory.
A Landau-type Fermi-liquid theory for interacting electrons moving in a fixed periodic potential is derived. Two methods are used: the Green's-function method, which gives a more physical description of the system but does not give all the desired results, and the many-body perturbation-theory approach, which is complete but is more complicated. The Green's-function formalism of Kadanoff and Baym is adapted to inhomogeneous systems by rewriting it in operator form. A kinetic equation for an energy-dependent, single-particle density matrix is then derived. The quasiparticle concept is introduced and a formal solution of the kinetic equation is given and discussed. These developments are specialized to the periodic potential and a transport equation of the Landau-Boltzmann type is derived for quasiparticles moving within a single energy band. Expressions for the density and current density are then identified from a continuity equation. Although the present work does not treat real transitions between energy bands, the Green's-function method suggests a plausible form for a Landau-like theory which includes such transitions. The perturbation-theory treatment follows the work of Luttinger and Nozi\`eres, who derived Landau's theory for systems without a lattice potential. When the perturbation theory is expressed in terms of Bloch functions, the quantities involved become matrices between different energy bands. However, it is shown that many of the key results of Luttinger and Nozi\`eres can be suitably generalized. The perturbation-theory calculation shows that when the periodic potential is present the change in quasiparticle energy can still be expressed in terms of the variation of the quasiparticle distribution function, and that the results obtained from the Green's-function approach are exact in the case of slowly varying external fields.