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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Dark-gray soliton transformations: possibility to study microscopic quantum phenomena by nonlinear optical methods

Celso Hernández-Tenorio, V. N. Serkin, Tatyana Leonidovna Belyaeva, R. Peña-Moreno, Laura Morales-Lara

Published Jan 8, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) model with an external harmonic potential is one of the most important in modern science. This model makes it possible to analyze a variety of nonlinear phenomena, in nonlinear optics and laser physics, biophysics and in the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms. It is shown that the main specific feature of the dynamics of dark GP matter wave solitons in a parabolic trap is the formation of solitons with dynamically changing form-factors producing the periodic variation in the modulation depth (the degree of “blackness”) of dark solitons. In general, the period of dark soliton oscillations in trapping potential depends on the specific conditions of the experiment and does not coincide with the oscillation period of a linear quantum-mechanical oscillator. In the case of an immobile pedestal in the trap, the oscillation period of the black soliton considerably increases because of the periodic transformation of the black soliton to the gray one and vice versa. Surprisingly, that if the dark soliton is superimposed on the base pedestal oscillating in the trap and displaced from the trap center, the oscillation period of the dark soliton coincides with the period of oscillations of the linear harmonic oscillator, while the dynamics of the dark soliton is similar to that of a classical particle obeying the Newton mechanics laws.

DOI
10.1117/12.2177591

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The nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLSE) model with an external harmonic potential is one of the most important in modern science. This model makes it possible to analyze a variety of nonlinear phenomena, in nonlinear optics and laser physics, biophysics and in the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation of atoms. It is shown that the main specific feature of the dynamics of dark GP matter wave solitons in a parabolic trap is the formation of solitons with dynamically changing form-factors producing the periodic variation in the modulation depth (the degree of “blackness”) of dark solitons. In general, the period of dark soliton oscillations in trapping potential depends on the specific conditions of the experiment and does not coincide with the oscillation period of a linear quantum-mechanical oscillator. In the case of an immobile pedestal in the trap, the oscillation period of the black soliton considerably increases because of the periodic transformation of the black soliton to the gray one and vice versa. Surprisingly, that if the dark soliton is superimposed on the base pedestal oscillating in the trap and displaced from the trap center, the oscillation period of the dark soliton coincides with the period of oscillations of the linear harmonic oscillator, while the dynamics of the dark soliton is similar to that of a classical particle obeying the Newton mechanics laws.
The dynamics of dark solitons is studied within the framework of the mathematical model of nonlinear Schrodinger equation (NSE) with an external harmonic potential. A comparative analysis of the solution of no stationary problems is performed for a linear harmonic oscillator and the NSE model with a harmonic potential for different signs of the self-action potential. It is shown that the main specific feature of the dynamics of dark NSE solitons in a parabolic trap is the formation of solitons with dynamically changing form factors producing the periodic variation in the modulation depth (the degree of blackness) of dark solitons. The oscillation period of the dark solitons does not coincide with the oscillation period of a linear quantum-mechanical oscillator, which is caused by the periodic transformation of the black solitons to the gray one and vice versa.
The dynamics of nonlinear solitary waves in studied by using the model of nonlinear Schrodinger equations(NSE) with an external harmonic potential. The model allows one to analyze on the general basis a variety of nonlinear phenomena appearing both in Bose-Einstein condensate in a magnetic trap, whose profile is describe by a quadratic function of coordinates, and an nonlinear optics, physics of lasers, and biophysics. It is shown that exact solutions for a quantum-mechanical particle in a harmonic potential and solutions obtained within the framework of the adiabatic perturbation theory of bright solitons in a parabolic trap are completely identical. This fact not only proves once more that solitons behave like particles but also that they can preserve such properties in different traps for the which the parabolic approximation is valid near potential energy minima. The conditions are found for formation of stable stationary states of antiphase soliton in a harmonic potential. The interaction dynamics of solitons in nonstationary potentials is studied and the possibility of the appearance of a soliton parametric resonance at with the amplitude of soliton oscillation in a trap exponentially increases with time is shown.
Abstract We investigate the dynamics of a dark-bright soliton in a harmonic potential using a mean-field approach via coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations appropriate to multi-component Bose–Einstein condensates. We use a modified perturbed dynamical variational Lagrangian approximation, where the perturbation is due to the trap, taken as a Thomas–Fermi profile. The wave function ansatz is taken as the correct hyperbolic tangent and secant solutions in the scalar case for the dark and bright components of the soliton, respectively. We also solve the problem numerically with pseudo-spectral Runge–Kutta methods. We find, analytically and numerically, for weak trapping the internal modes are nearly independent of center of mass motion of the dark-bright soliton. In contrast, in tighter traps the internal modes couple strongly to the center of mass motion, showing that for dark-bright solitons in a harmonic potential the center of mass and relative degrees of freedom are not independent. This result is robust against noise in the initial condition and should, therefore, be experimentally observable.
We consider the stability and dynamics of multiple dark solitons in cigar-shaped Bose-Einstein condensates. Our study is motivated by the fact that multiple matter-wave dark solitons may naturally form in such settings as per our recent work [Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 130401 (2008)]. First, we study the dark soliton interactions and show that the dynamics of well-separated solitons (i.e., ones that undergo a collision with relatively low velocities) can be analyzed by means of particle-like equations of motion. The latter take into regard the repulsion between solitons (via an effective repulsive potential) and the confinement and dimensionality of the system (via an effective parabolic trap for each soliton). Next, based on the fact that stationary, well-separated dark multisoliton states emerge as a nonlinear continuation of the appropriate excited eigenstates of the quantum harmonic oscillator, we use a Bogoliubov-de Gennes analysis to systematically study the stability of such structures. We find that for a sufficiently large number of atoms, multiple soliton states are dynamically stable, while for a small number of atoms, we predict a dynamical instability emerging from resonance effects between the eigenfrequencies of the soliton modes and the intrinsic excitation frequencies of the condensate. Finally, we present experimental realizations of multisoliton states including a three-soliton state consisting of two solitons oscillating around a stationary one and compare the relevant results to the predictions of the theoretical mean-field model.
Abstract: In this thesis we experimentally observe the dynamics of dark solitons in elongated Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) in the crossover regime between 1D and 3D. Dark solitons are dynamically stable in this regime. This allows the observation of the collisional and oscillational dynamics of two dark solitons in a harmonically confined BEC over several oscillation periods. We can detect the repulsive intersolitonic interaction as an increase of the oscillation frequency of the two solitons strongly depending on their mean distance. Thereby we give the first experimental evidence of the theoretically predicted repulsive interaction between the solitons. We compare our experimental findings to numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and effective 1D equations. Additionally we develop a model in which the solitons are approximated by repulsively interacting classical particles. This model is based on a soliton interaction potential suggested by [Kiv1995] and can describe the essentials of the soliton dynamics. We observe well agreement between the soliton oscillation frequencies measured in the experiment, the numerical simulations and the results of the particle model. Besides we verify the theoretical prediction that the oscillation frequency of dark solitons in a harmonically confined BEC should be slower than the trap frequency.
Soliton is an exotic topological excitation, and it widely exists in various nonlinear systems, such as nonlinear optics, Bose-Einstein condensates, classical and quantum fluids, plasma, magnetic materials, etc. A stable soliton can propagate with constant amplitude and velocity, and maintain its shape. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional solitons are usually hard to stabilize, and how to realize stable two-dimensional or three-dimensional solitons has aroused the great interest of the researchers. Ring dark soliton is a kind of two-dimensional soliton, which was first theoretically predicted and experimentally realized in nonlinear optical systems. Compared with the usual two-dimensional solitons, ring dark solitons have good stability and rich dynamical behaviors. Owing to their highly controllable capability, Bose-Einstein condensates provide a new platform for studying the ring dark solitons. Based on the recent progress in Bose-Einstein condensates and solitons, this paper reviews the research on the analytic solutions, stability, as well as the decay dynamics of ring dark solitons in Bose-Einstein condensates. A transform method is introduced, which generalizes the analytic solutions of ring dark solitons from a homogeneous system with time-independent nonlinearity to a harmonically trapped inhomogeneous system with time-dependent nonlinearity. The stability phase diagram of the ring dark soliton under deformation perturbations is discussed by numerically solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equations in the mean-field theory. A method of enhancing the stability of ring dark solitons by periodically modulating the nonlinear coefficients is introduced. It is also shown that the periodically modulated nonlinear coefficient can be experimentally realized by the Feshbach resonance technology. In addition, we discuss the dynamics of the decay of ring dark solitons. It is found that the ring dark soliton can decay into various vortex clusters composed of vortices and antivortices. This opens a new avenue to the investigation of vortex dynamics and quantum turbulence. It is also found that the ring dark solitons combined with periodic modulated nonlinearity can give rise to the pattern formation, which is an interesting nonlinear phenomenon widely explored in all the fields of nature. Finally, some possible research subjects about ring dark solitons in future research are also discussed.