The Multiplicity of Particles

Devon Bowen

L.D. LANDAU, E.M. LIFSHITZ

Yujie Zhang, Xinan Chen, Eric Chitambar

A multiple access channel describes a situation in which multiple senders are trying to forward messages to a single receiver using some physical medium. In this paper we consider scenarios in which this medium consists of just a single classical or quantum particle. In the quantum case, the particle can be prepared in a superposition state thereby allowing for a richer family of encoding strategies. To make the comparison between quantum and classical channels precise, we introduce an operational framework in which all possible encoding strategies consume no more than a single particle. We apply this framework to an N -port interferometer experiment in which each party controls a path the particle can traverse. When used for the purpose of communication, this setup embodies a multiple access channel (MAC) built with a single particle.We provide a full characterization of the N -party classical MACs that can be built from a single particle, and we show that every non-classical particle can generate a MAC outside the classical set. To further distinguish the capabilities of a single classical and quantum particle, we relax the locality constraint and allow for joint encodings by subsets of 1

L.D. LANDAU, E.M. LIFSHITZ

Julian Jose Riccardo, J. L. Riccardo, Antonio Jose Ramirez-Pastor +1 more

A new distribution for systems of particles in equilibrium obeying the exclusion of correlated states is presented following Haldane's state counting. It relies upon an ansatz to deal with the multiple exclusion that takes place when the states accessible to single particles are spatially correlated and it can be simultaneously excluded by more than one particle. Haldane's statistics and Wu's distribution are recovered in the limit of noncorrelated states of the multiple exclusion statistics. In addition, an exclusion spectrum function G(n) is introduced to account for the dependence of the state exclusion on the occupation number n. The results of thermodynamics and state occupation are shown for ideal lattice gases of linear particles of size k (k-mers) where the multiple exclusion occurs. Remarkable agreement is found with grand-canonical Monte Carlo simulations from k=2 to 10 where the multiple exclusion dominates as k increases.

Huawang Qin, Yuewei Dai

Abstract A multiple multi-qubit quantum states sharing scheme is proposed, in which the dealer can share multiple multi-qubit quantum states among the participants through only one distribution and one recovery. The dealer encodes the secret quantum states into a special entangled state, and then distributes the particles of the entangled state to the participants. The participants perform the single-particle measurements on their particles, and can cooperate to recover the multiple multi-qubit quantum states. Compared to the existing schemes, our scheme is more efficient and more flexible in practice.