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Physical Review B

Separating cascaded photons from a single quantum dot: Demonstration of multiplexed quantum cryptography

Thomas Aichele, Gael Reinaudi, Oliver J. Benson

Published Dec 1, 2004• 23 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We use cascaded two-photon emission from a single quantum dot in order to double the efficient transmission rate in a quantum key distribution protocol. The energetically nondegenerate photons are separated with a single-photon add/drop filter based on a Michelson interferometer. Time correlation measurements are discussed and compared with numerical simulations.

DOI
10.1103/physrevb.70.235329

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We use cascaded two-photon emission from a single quantum dot in order to double the efficient transmission rate in a quantum key distribution protocol. The energetically nondegenerate photons are separated with a single-photon add/drop filter based on a Michelson interferometer. Time correlation measurements are discussed and compared with numerical simulations.
High-efficient single-photon sources are important for fundamental experiments as well as for modern applications in the field of quantum information processing. Therefore, both the overall collection efficiency as well as the photon generation rate are important parameters. In this article, we use cascaded two-photon emission from a single quantum dot in order to double the efficient transmission rate in a quantum key distribution protocol by multiplexing on a single photon level. The energetically non-degenerate photons are separated with a single photon add/drop filter based on a Michelson interferometer. For optimizing the collection efficiency, coupling of quantum emitters to microcavities is advantageous. We also describe preliminary results towards coupling of a single quantum dot grown on a micrometer-sized tip to the whispering gallery modes of a microsphere cavity.
Many important realizations and proposals for applications in quantum information processing require single photons as carriers of quantum information. Here, we review different demonstrations of quantum applications using a deterministic single-photon source based on InP/GaInP quantum dots. First, the single-photon generation is described and verified by autocorrelation measurements. A modification of the correlation setup allows the simultaneous observation of wave and particle properties of the photons. Additional to single-photon emission, photon pairs and triplets from multiexciton cascades were observed, as well. Using a Michelson interferometer an efficient separation of photon pairs can be achieved allowing multiplexing on a single-photon level. The applicability was demonstrated in a quantum key distribution experiment. As another application, different degrees of freedom of a single photon were used to realize a two-qubit Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. Encoding the quantum information in appropriate bases, an operation of the setup resistant to phase fluctuation was demonstrated.
Many important realizations and proposals for applications in quantum information processing require single photons as carriers of quantum information. Here, we review different demonstrations of quantum applications using a deterministic single-photon source based on InP/GaInP quan- tum dots. First, the single-photon generation is described and verified by autocorrelation measurements. A modification of the correlation setup allows the simultaneous observation of wave and particle properties of the photons. Additional to single-photon emission, photon pairs and triplets from multi- exciton cascades were observed, as well. Using a Michelson interferometer an efficient separation of photon pairs can be achieved allowing multiplexing on a single-photon level. The applicability was demonstrated in a quantum key distribution experiment. As another application, different degrees of freedom of a single photon were used to realize a two-qubit Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. Encoding the quantum information in appropriate bases, an operation of the setup resistant to phase fluctuation was demonstrated.
Semiconductor quantum dots are capable of emitting polarization entangled photon pairs with ultralow multipair emission probability even at maximum brightness. Using a quantum dot source with a fidelity as high as 0.987(8), we implement here quantum key distribution with an average quantum bit error rate as low as 1.9% over a time span of 13 hours. For a proof of principle, the key generation is performed with the BBM92 protocol between two buildings, connected by a 350-m-long fiber, resulting in an average raw (secure) key rate of 135 bits/s (86 bits/s) for a pumping rate of 80 MHz, without resorting to time- or frequency-filtering techniques. Our work demonstrates the viability of quantum dots as light sources for entanglement-based quantum key distribution and quantum networks. By increasing the excitation rate and embedding the dots in state-of-the-art photonic structures, key generation rates in the gigabits per second range are in principle at reach.
We have obtained pairs of correlated single photons from the emission cascade of an isolated InAs quantum dot. The cross-correlation function of the two photons in a pair exhibits the coexistence of asymmetric bunching and antibunching features, which is the signature for their sequential emission with a definite order. This observation opens the way to the use of semiconductor quantum dots as triggered sources of photon pairs with strong quantum correlations for quantum information applications.