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The Journal of Chemical Physics

A semiclassical approach to the dynamics of many-body Bose/Fermi systems by the path integral centroid molecular dynamics

Kenichi Kinugawa, Hidemi Nagao, Koji Ohta

Published Jan 22, 2001• 22 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present a formalism of the path integral centroid molecular dynamics (CMD) extended to Bose and Fermi statistics as a semiclassical approach to explore the dynamics of quantum many-body systems. The validity of the method is examined in relation to the time correlation functions. The presently proposed scheme, refined from our previous derivation [Chem. Phys. Lett. 307, 187 (1999)], is aimed at the calculations of not the exact quantum-mechanical dynamics but the semiclassical dynamics under certain approximations. The formalism is based on the projection operator with which the Bose/Fermi system is mapped onto a particular type of pseudo-Boltzmann system. In the pseudo-Boltzmann system the correlation due to the Bose/Fermi statistics is introduced via an extra pseudopotential called the permutation potential and its relevant operator. Using the present semiclassical formalism, the time correlation function of centroid position, which is evaluated from the CMD trajectories in the pseudo-Boltzmann system, is an approximation to the Kubo canonical correlation function of position operator of the exact quantum-statistical system composed of bosons or fermions. There is no such apparent relation between the momentum operator and the corresponding momentum centroid.

DOI
10.1063/1.1334661

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We present a formalism of the path integral centroid molecular dynamics (CMD) extended to Bose and Fermi statistics as a semiclassical approach to explore the dynamics of quantum many-body systems. The validity of the method is examined in relation to the time correlation functions. The presently proposed scheme, refined from our previous derivation [Chem. Phys. Lett. 307, 187 (1999)], is aimed at the calculations of not the exact quantum-mechanical dynamics but the semiclassical dynamics under certain approximations. The formalism is based on the projection operator with which the Bose/Fermi system is mapped onto a particular type of pseudo-Boltzmann system. In the pseudo-Boltzmann system the correlation due to the Bose/Fermi statistics is introduced via an extra pseudopotential called the permutation potential and its relevant operator. Using the present semiclassical formalism, the time correlation function of centroid position, which is evaluated from the CMD trajectories in the pseudo-Boltzmann system, is an approximation to the Kubo canonical correlation function of position operator of the exact quantum-statistical system composed of bosons or fermions. There is no such apparent relation between the momentum operator and the corresponding momentum centroid.
This paper is devoted to the development of an operator formulation of the recent extension of the centroid molecular dynamics method [J. Chem. Phys. 110, 3647 (1999); 111, 5303 (1999)] to boson and fermion systems. An operator calculus is used to rederive the basic equations of centroid dynamics. The following generalization to the case of systems of many indistinguishable particles is based on the use of a projection operator. Two different definitions of the quasi-density operator for bosonic and fermionic systems are suggested. The first definition allows an exact evaluation of equilibrium properties for systems with exchange effects using classical-like molecular dynamics calculations. The second one provides a formal justification of Bose–Einstein/Fermi–Dirac centroid dynamics with the same set of approximations as for Boltzmann statistics, and can be used to extract quantum dynamical information. In this case, the corresponding centroid correlation function can be related to a double Kubo transformed quantum mechanical one.
The calculation of single-particle time correlation functions using the Bose-Einstein centroid dynamics formalism is discussed. A new definition of the quasidensity operator is used to calculate the centroid force on a given particle for an anharmonic system. The force includes correlation effects due to quantum statistics and is used for the calculation of the classical-like dynamics of phase-space centroid variables within the centroid molecular dynamics approximation. Time correlation functions are then obtained for single-particle quantities. These correspond to the double-Kubo transform of exact quantum-mechanical correlation functions. The centroid dynamics results are compared to those of exact basis-set calculations and a good agreement is found. The level of accuracy is in fact the same as what was observed earlier for the calculation of center-of-mass correlation functions for Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics, and for any correlation function for Boltzmann statistics. These results show that it is now possible to use Bose-Einstein centroid molecular dynamics to calculate single-particle correlation functions for systems where quantum exchange effects are present.
Numerical algorithms are developed for the centroid molecular dynamics (centroid MD) method to calculate dynamical time correlation functions for general many-body quantum systems. Approaches based on the normal mode path integral molecular dynamics and staging path integral Monte Carlo methods are described to carry out a direct calculation of the force on the centroid variables in the centroid MD algorithm. A more efficient, but approximate, scheme to compute the centroid force is devised which is based on the locally optimized harmonic approximation for the centroid potential. The centroid MD equations in the latter method can be solved with the help of an iterative procedure or through extended Lagrangian dynamics. A third algorithm introduces an effective centroid pseudopotential to approximate the full many-body centroid mean force potential by effective pairwise centroid interactions. Numerical simulations for both prototype models and more realistic many-body systems are performed to explore the feasibility and limitations of each algorithm.
Abstract This paper discusses the recent developments of a new molecular dynamics approach for the study of quantum dynamics for systems obeying Bose—Einstein statistics. The formalism is based on the mapping of a quantum mechanical system onto a set of phase space variables. These phase space variables are associated with the centroid (center‐of‐mass) of a Feynman path. We present the essential features of the formalism for the representation of operators and correlation functions and discuss some aspects of its practical implementation. We also present a recently developed simplified model for superfluid environments, based on an effective centroid potential approximation to the partition function. In the context of this model, we introduce a new expression for the calculation of the condensate fraction based on the off‐diagonal one‐particle density matrix. We perform calculations for a many‐particle system where the masses and pair interactions correspond to those of helium. The results show that this simplified model exhibits Bose—Einstein condensation below a certain characteristic temperature.
We propose a method which uses centroid molecular dynamics (CMD) [J. Cao and G. A. Voth, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 5106 (1994)] real-time data in conjunction with the imaginary-time data generated using path integral Monte Carlo simulations in a numerical analytic continuation scheme based on the maximum entropy approach. We show that significant improvement is achieved by including short-time CMD data with the imaginary-time data. In particular, for a particle bilinearly coupled to a harmonic bath, these methods lead to significant improvements over previous calculations and even allow accurate determination of transport coefficients such as the diffusion coefficient and mobility for this system. In addition we show how maximum entropy method can be used to extract accurate dynamic information from short-time CMD data, and that this approach is superior to the direct Fourier transform of long-time data for systems characterized by broad, featureless spectral distributions.