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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Transferring laser-cooled atoms to a spatially separated magnetic trap using a far-off resonance optical guide

H. Davies, Charles S. Adams

Published Sep 15, 2000• 11 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The size of alkali vapour Bose-Einstein condensates is determined by the number of atoms which can be collected in a magneto-optical trap. This number is limited by processes involving near-resonant light. A possible technique to exceed the number limit is to load a conservative trap which is spatially separated from the laser cooling region. Here we report on an experiment where cold atoms are transferred from a magneto-optical trap to a spatially separated magnetic trap using an optically guided atomic fountain. This technique offers efficient transfer without requiring any near-resonant light. The extension to multiple and continuous loading is discussed, and we conclude that loading a spatially separated conservative trap offers a promising route towards steady-state Bose-Einstein condensation.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/33/19/318

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Summary form only given.Laser cooling, where excess kinetic energy is extracted by a photon, is ideally suited to loading atoms into a trap; however, quantization and reabsorption of light, limit the maximum phase-space density attainable. A sequence of laser cooling followed by evaporative cooling, where the excess energy is extracted by escaping atoms, may be used to overcome the laser cooling limit; however, such a scheme dramatically reduces the number of trapped atoms. A remaining challenge is to achieve continuous loading without the phase-space density limit imposed by near-resonant light. We consider continuous evaporative loading of a magnetic trap using a magnetically insensitive buffer gas. The key is to deliver sufficient cold atoms to the trapping region such that the steady-state trap population is large. To achieve this we employ an atomic fountain guided by a far-off resonant laser beam. At the apex of the fountain, the density can be a factor of 30-40 higher than in a magneto-optical trapping region, and importantly, the atoms are spatially separated from the region of resonant laser light. We propose to use this high-density region as a reservoir for continuous evaporative loading of a trap.

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•Jan 1, 1995•0 citations
The size of alkali vapour Bose-Einstein condensates is determined by the number of atoms which can be collected in a magneto-optical trap. This number is limited by processes involving near-resonant light. A possible technique to exceed the number limit is to load a conservative trap which is spatially separated from the laser cooling region. Here we report on an experiment where cold atoms are transferred from a magneto-optical trap to a spatially separated magnetic trap using an optically guided atomic fountain. This technique offers efficient transfer without requiring any near-resonant light. The extension to multiple and continuous loading is discussed, and we conclude that loading a spatially separated conservative trap offers a promising route towards steady-state Bose-Einstein condensation.
Summary form only given.Laser cooling, where excess kinetic energy is extracted by a photon, is ideally suited to loading atoms into a trap; however, quantization and reabsorption of light, limit the maximum phase-space density attainable. A sequence of laser cooling followed by evaporative cooling, where the excess energy is extracted by escaping atoms, may be used to overcome the laser cooling limit; however, such a scheme dramatically reduces the number of trapped atoms. A remaining challenge is to achieve continuous loading without the phase-space density limit imposed by near-resonant light. We consider continuous evaporative loading of a magnetic trap using a magnetically insensitive buffer gas. The key is to deliver sufficient cold atoms to the trapping region such that the steady-state trap population is large. To achieve this we employ an atomic fountain guided by a far-off resonant laser beam. At the apex of the fountain, the density can be a factor of 30-40 higher than in a magneto-optical trapping region, and importantly, the atoms are spatially separated from the region of resonant laser light. We propose to use this high-density region as a reservoir for continuous evaporative loading of a trap.
Experiments are performed on loading cold atoms into a far-off resonance optical dipole trap that is spatially separated from the laser-cooling region. The atoms are delivered using a far-off resonant optical dipole guide and enter the trap through a switchable blue-detuned light sheet or ``trap door.'' This scheme provides a means to transfer atoms from a dissipative to a non-dissipative trap without a significant loss of phase-space density. We study the dynamics of atoms within the trap and measure their lifetime. Preliminary results on multiple loading are presented. As the technique does not rely on near-resonant light, the atom number limit characteristic of laser-cooling experiments can, in principle, be exceeded.
This thesis describes the development of a laser-cooling experiment aimed at efficient transfer of cold atoms over a short distance, for loading into a conservative atom trap. We detail the construction of a 3D magneto-optical trap (MOT) and perform characterisation measurements to optimise the number and temperature of the cold atoms. The atoms are launched vertically in a fountain from the MOT using a 'moving molasses' technique and a red-detuned far-off-resonant laser beam is used to guide them into an UHV chamber. Loading into the guiding beam is optimised with respect to the beam and MOT parameters. We demonstrate a maximum loading of 20% and guiding over a distance of more than 10 cm without loss of atoms. The atoms are delivered to the UHV chamber in a cloud with a transverse dimension of order 200 #mu#m. We discuss the extension to continuous operation of the guided atomic fountain. The 3D MOT is replaced by a funnel with 2D trapping and 3D cooling which continuously extracts the cold atoms using moving molasses. A comparison between the flux of guided atoms obtained in a pulsed fashion from the 3D MOT and continuously from the funnel indicate that the pulsed case is a factor of ten more efficient. The difference is due to inferior loading from the funnel. The optically guided fountain is used to load an optical dipole trap in the UHV chamber, using an 'optical trap door'. No additional cooling is required. The dynamics of the atoms in the optical dipole trap are studied. We discuss multiple loading of a conservative trap with the view of accumulating more atoms than can be obtained in a MOT. (author)
Summary form only given. We report optical guiding of cold atoms in a free-propagating far-detuned laser beam. The atoms are initially cooled and collected in a magneto-optical trap (MOT), which typically contains over 10/sup 8/ atoms in a cigar shaped cloud with an aspect ratio of 4. Approximately 20% of these atoms are loaded into a far-detuned optical dipole beam aligned vertically through the MOT. The number loaded is limited primarily by geometrical overlap. Both guided and unguided atoms are launched with a velocity of 1.25 m/s and a temperature of 20 /spl mu/K. The guided beam is focused through a 1 mm aperture, 6 cm above the MOT, which connects the vapour cell to a UHV chamber. Atoms can be launched within the guide without heating and guided into a UHV chamber with 100% efficiency. In continuous operation, the scheme allows extraction of atoms from a MOT without loss of phase space density.
We transfer cold 87 Rb atoms from a vapour cell chamber to a spatially separated UHV magneto-optical trap (MOT) with the assistance of a red-detuned optical guiding beam and a normal push beam. Efficient optical guiding of the cold atoms is observed within a small detuning window. A pulsed optical guiding beam enhances the transfer efficiency and hence allows us to collect more atoms in UHV MOT in a shorter time, which is favourable for our experiment of achieving Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC). Besides the easy operation, another advantage of this optical guiding technique is also demonstrated such that slower atomic beams may be efficiently transferred along horizontal direction. This study is a direct application of the optical guiding technique as a powerful tool.
A detailed experimental and theoretical investigation of a magneto-optical trap for caesium atoms is presented. Particular emphasis has been placed on achieving high spatial number densities and low temperatures. Optimizing both of these together enables efficient evaporative cooling from a conservative trap, a procedure which has recently led to the first observations of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute atomic vapour. The behaviour of a magneto-optical trap is nominally determined by four independent parameters: the detuning and intensity of the light field, the magnetic field gradient and the number of trapped atoms. A model is presented which incorporates previous treatments into a single description of the trap that encompasses a wide range of its behaviour. This model was tested quantitatively by measuring the temperature of the cloud and its spatial distribution as a function of the four parameters. The maximum density was found to be limited both by the reabsorption of photons scattered within the cloud and by a reduction of the confining force at small light shifts. The nonlinear variation with position of the restoring force was found to be significant in limiting the number of atoms confined to a high density. A maximum density in phase space (defined as the number of atoms in a box with sides of dimension one thermal de Broglie wavelength) of (1.5 ± 0.5) x 10-5 was observed, with a spatial density of 1.5 x 1011 atoms per cm3. Cold collision losses from a caesium magneto-optical trap have been studied with the purpose of assessing their influence on spatial densities. In contrast to previous measurements of similar quantities, these measurements did not require the use of an ultra-low (< 10-10 Torr) background vapour pressure. The dependence of the cold collision loss coefficient β on the trapping intensity was measured to permit identification of the different cold collision processes. The largest loss rates observed were those due to hyperfine structure-changing collisions, with a coefficient β = (2±1) x 10-10cm3s-1. A study is presented of a modified magneto-optical trap in which a fraction of the population is shelved into a hyperfine level that does not interact with the trapping light. In this so-called "dark" magneto-optical trap, improved densities of nearly 1012cm-3 have been previously reported for sodium. The application of the technique to caesium is not straightforward due to the larger excited state hyperfine splittings. A simple theory for caesium is presented and its main predictions verified by measurements of density, number and temperature. A density of nearly 1012cm,-3 was indeed obtained but at a temperature substantially higher than in the conventional magneto-optical trap.