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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Possible universal quantum algorithms for generalized Turaev-Viro invariants

Mario E. Vélez, Juan Ospina

Published May 13, 2011• 0 citations

Abstract

An emergent trend in quantum computation is the topological quantum computation (TQC). Briefly, TQC results from the application of quantum computation with the aim to solve the problems of quantum topology such as topological invariants for knots and links (Jones polynomials, HOMFLY polynomials, Khovanov polynomials); topological invariants for graphs (Tutte polynomial and Bollobás-Riordan polynomial); topological invariants for 3-manifolds (Reshetiskin-Turaev, Turaev-Viro and Turaer-Viro-Ocneanu invariants) and topological invariants for 4-manifolds( Crane-Yetter invariants). In a few words, TQC is concerned with the formulation of quantum algorithms for the computation of these topological invariants in quantum topology. Given that one of the fundamental achievements of quantum topology was the discovery of strong connections between monoidal categories and 3-dimensional manifolds, in TQC is possible and necessary to exploit such connections with the purpose to formulate universal quantum algorithms for topological invariants of 3-manifolds. In the present work we make an exploration of such possibilities. Specifically we search for universal quantum algorithms for generalized Turaev-Viro invariants of 3-manifolds such as the Turaev-Viro-Ocneanu invariants, the Kashaev-Baseilhac-Benedetti invariants of 3-manifolds with links and the Geer-Kashaev-Turaev invariants of 3-manifolds with a link and a principal bundle. We also look for physical systems (three dimensional topological insulators and three-dimensional gravity) over which implement the resulting universal topological quantum algorithms.

DOI: 10.1117/12.883617

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An emergent trend in quantum computation is the topological quantum computation (TQC). Briefly, TQC results from the application of quantum computation with the aim to solve the problems of quantum topology such as topological invariants for knots and links (Jones polynomials, HOMFLY polynomials, Khovanov polynomials); topological invariants for graphs (Tutte polynomial and Bollobás-Riordan polynomial); topological invariants for 3-manifolds (Reshetiskin-Turaev, Turaev-Viro and Turaer-Viro-Ocneanu invariants) and topological invariants for 4-manifolds( Crane-Yetter invariants). In a few words, TQC is concerned with the formulation of quantum algorithms for the computation of these topological invariants in quantum topology. Given that one of the fundamental achievements of quantum topology was the discovery of strong connections between monoidal categories and 3-dimensional manifolds, in TQC is possible and necessary to exploit such connections with the purpose to formulate universal quantum algorithms for topological invariants of 3-manifolds. In the present work we make an exploration of such possibilities. Specifically we search for universal quantum algorithms for generalized Turaev-Viro invariants of 3-manifolds such as the Turaev-Viro-Ocneanu invariants, the Kashaev-Baseilhac-Benedetti invariants of 3-manifolds with links and the Geer-Kashaev-Turaev invariants of 3-manifolds with a link and a principal bundle. We also look for physical systems (three dimensional topological insulators and three-dimensional gravity) over which implement the resulting universal topological quantum algorithms.

Possible quantum algorithms for generalized Khovanov homology and the Rasmussen's invariant are proposed. Such algorithms are resulting from adaptations of the recently proposed Kauffman's algorithm for the standard Khovanov homology. The method that was applied consists in to write the relevant quantum invariant as the trace of a certain unitary operator and then to compute the trace using the Hadamard test. We apply such method to the quantum computation of the Jones polynomial, HOMFLY polynomial, Chromatic polynomial, Tutte polynomial and Bollobàs- Riordan polynomial. These polynomials are quantum topological invariants for knots, links, graphs and ribbon graphs respectively. The Jones polynomial is categorified by the standard Khovanov homology and the others polynomials are categorified by generalized Khovanov homologies, such as the Khovanov-Rozansky homology and the graph homologies. The algorithm for the Rasmussen's invariant is obtained using the gauge theory; and the recently introduced program of homotopyfication is linked with the super-symmetric quantum mechanics. It is claimed that a new program of analytification could be development from the homotopyfication using the celebrated Atiyah-Singer theorem and its super-symmetric interpretations. It is hoped that the super-symmetric quantum mechanics provides the hardware for the implementation of the proposed quantum algorithms.

A model of a D-Brane Topological Quantum Computer (DBTQC) is presented and sustained. The model is based on four-dimensional TQFTs of the Donaldson-Witten and Seiber-Witten kinds. It is argued that the DBTQC is able to compute Khovanov homology for knots, links and graphs. The DBTQC physically incorporates the mathematical process of categorification according to which the invariant polynomials for knots, links and graphs such as Jones, HOMFLY, Tutte and Bollobás-Riordan polynomials can be computed as the Euler characteristics corresponding to special homology complexes associated with knots, links and graphs. The DBTQC is conjectured as a powerful universal quantum computer in the sense that the DBTQC computes Khovanov homology which is considered like powerful that the Jones polynomial.

The Turaev-Viro invariants are scalar topological invariants of compact, orientable

3

-manifolds. We give a quantum algorithm for additively approximating Turaev-Viro invariants of a manifold presented by a Heegaard splitting. The algorithm is motivated by the relationship between topological quantum computers and

(2+1)

-dimensional topological quantum field theories. Its accuracy is shown to be nontrivial, as the same algorithm, after efficient classical preprocessing, can solve any problem efficiently decidable by a quantum computer. Thus approximating certain Turaev-Viro invariants of manifolds presented by Heegaard splittings is a universal problem for quantum computation. This establishes a relation between the task of distinguishing nonhomeomorphic

3

-manifolds and the power of a general quantum computer.

Abstract This paper is an introduction to relationships between quantum topology and quantum computing. We discuss unitary solutions to the YangBaxter equation that are universal quantum gates, quantum entanglement and topological entanglement, and we give an exposition of knot-theoretic recoupling theory, its relationship with topological quantum field theory and apply these methods to produce unitary representations of the braid groups that are dense in the unitary groups. Our methods are rooted in the bracket state sum model for the Jones polynomial. We give our results for a large class of representations based on values for the bracket polynomial that are roots of unity. We make a separate and self-contained study of the quantum universal Fibonacci model in this framework. We apply our results to give quantum algorithms for the computation of the colored Jones polynomials for knots and links, and the Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant of three manifolds.

A quantum algorithm for approximating efficiently three–manifold topological invariants in the framework of

SU(2)

Chern–Simons–Witten (CSW) topological quantum field theory at finite values of the coupling constant

k

is provided. The model of computation adopted is the

q

-deformed spin network model viewed as a quantum recognizer in the sense of [1], where each basic unitary transition function can be efficiently processed by a standard quantum circuit. This achievement is an extension of the algorithm for approximating polynomial invariants of colored oriented links found in "Spin networks, quantum automata and link invariants" and "An efficient quantum algorithm for colored Jones polynomials." Thus all the significant quantities — partition functions and observables — of quantum CSW theory can be processed efficiently on a quantum computer, reflecting the intrinsic, field-theoretic solvability of such theory at finite

k

. The paper is supplemented by a critical overview of the basic conceptual tools underlying the construction of quantum invariants of links and three–manifolds and connections with algorithmic questions that arise in geometry and quantum gravity models are discussed.

In this article, we introduce a fixed parameter tractable algorithm for computing the Turaev-Viro invariants TV4,q, using the dimension of the first homology group of the manifold as parameter. This is, to our knowledge, the first parameterised algorithm in computational 3-manifold topology using a topological parameter. The computation of TV4,q is known to be #P-hard in general; using a topological parameter provides an algorithm polynomial in the size of the input triangulation for the extremely large family of 3-manifolds with first homology group of bounded rank. Our algorithm is easy to implement and running times are comparable with running times to compute integral homology groups for standard libraries of triangulated 3- manifolds. The invariants we can compute this way are powerful: in combination with integral homology and using standard data sets we are able to roughly double the pairs of 3-manifolds we can distinguish. We hope this qualifies TV4,q to be added to the short list of standard properties (such as orientability, connectedness, Betti numbers, etc.) that can be computed ad-hoc when first investigating an unknown triangulation.