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Frontiers in Optics

Superradiance from entangled atoms

Ralph Wiegner, Joachim von Zanthier, G. S. Agarwal

Published Jan 1, 2011• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We present detailed results on how the optical properties of entangled atomic sources differ from sources in a separable state. We explain superradiance and subradiance of entangled sources in terms of quantum-interference among different paths.
DOI
10.1364/fio.2011.fmf5

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In the present thesis we investigate spatial and temporal intensity correlations which are created by statistically independent or by entangled light sources. Even though this classification may appear quite technical, the diverseness of the statistical properties of the considered photon sources naturally brings into our focus two different lines of research. In the first part of this thesis we will quantitatively study the non-classical and potentially entangled character of light fields which originate from a variety of different statistically independent light sources. To this end quantum correlations between light fields are analyzed which either stem from non-classical single-photon emitters (like ensembles of uncorrelated atoms) or from a mixture of non-classical and classical photon sources (like lasers with uncorrelated fluctuating initial phase). In the second part of this thesis we study correlations between initially entangled lightsources, namely localized atoms which share an entangled state. In the course of the investigations we physically reinterpret in particular the so called superradiance effect in a quantum-path formalism: superradiance denotes an enhanced mean radiated intensity in a particular direction, i.e., a focussing of the photons scattered by an atomic gas. This effect is commonly explained by a successive synchronization of the dipole moments of all participating atoms leading to a photon emission predominantly in one direction. For more than 60 years this focussing has been physically interpreted as a cooperative effect depending on the dipole-dipole interaction between the atoms. In contrast, we will show that it is rather a quantum-interference effect which is caused by non-synchronized and potentially widely separated entangled atoms.
We calculate the radiative characteristics of emission from a system of entangled atoms which can have a relative distance larger than the emission wavelength. We develop a quantum multipath interference approach which explains both super- and subradiance though the entangled states have zero dipole moment. We derive a formula for the radiated intensity in terms of different interfering pathways. We further show how the interferences lead to directional emission from atoms prepared in symmetric WWW states. As a byproduct of our work we show how Dicke's classic result can be understood in terms of interfering pathways. In contrast to the previous works on ensembles of atoms, we focus on finite numbers of atoms prepared in well characterized states.
When multiple quantum emitters radiate, their emission rate may be enhanced or suppressed due to collective interference in a process known as super- or subradiance. Such processes are well known to occur also in light emission from free electrons, known as coherent cathodoluminescence. Unlike atomic systems, free electrons have an unbounded energy spectrum, and, thus, all their emission mechanisms rely on electron recoil, in addition to the classical properties of the dielectric medium. To date, all experimental and theoretical studies of super- and subradiance from free electrons assumed only classical correlations between particles. However, dependence on quantum correlations, such as entanglement between free electrons, has not been studied. Recent advances in coherent shaping of free-electron wave functions motivate the investigation of such quantum regimes of super- and subradiance. In this Letter, we show how a pair of coincident path-entangled electrons can demonstrate either super- or subradiant light emission, depending on the two-particle wave function. By choosing different free-electron Bell states, the spectrum and emission pattern of the light can be reshaped, in a manner that cannot be accounted for by a classical mixed state. We show these results for light emission in any optical medium and discuss their generalization to many-body quantum states. Our findings suggest that light emission can be sensitive to the explicit quantum state of the emitting matter wave and possibly serve as a nondestructive measurement scheme for measuring the quantum state of many-body systems.