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Physical Review A

Linear optical generation of multipartite entanglement with conventional photon detectors

Hong‐Fu Wang, Shou Zhang

Published Apr 28, 2009• 67 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A simple experimental scheme is proposed to generate a three-photon entangled $W$ state and a genuine four-photon entangled state $|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{00}⟩$ that has many interesting entanglement properties and possible applications in quantum information processing. These multipartite entangled states can be generated with a certain success probability. We show that even when the quantum efficiency of the detector is $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.75$, the success probability can reach $2.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ for $W$-state production and $3.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ for $|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{00}⟩$-state production. The scheme is based only on simple linear optical elements and conventional photon detectors, which greatly decrease the experimental difficulty of implementing linear optical quantum computation.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.79.042336

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A simple experimental scheme is proposed to generate a three-photon entangled WWW state and a genuine four-photon entangled state ∣\ensuremathχ00⟩|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{00}⟩∣\ensuremathχ00⟩ that has many interesting entanglement properties and possible applications in quantum information processing. These multipartite entangled states can be generated with a certain success probability. We show that even when the quantum efficiency of the detector is \ensuremathη=0.75\ensuremath{\eta}=0.75\ensuremathη=0.75, the success probability can reach 2.8\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−32.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}2.8\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−3 for WWW-state production and 3.0\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−93.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}3.0\ifmmode×\else\texttimes\fi10\ensuremath−9 for ∣\ensuremathχ00⟩|{\ensuremath{\chi}}^{00}⟩∣\ensuremathχ00⟩-state production. The scheme is based only on simple linear optical elements and conventional photon detectors, which greatly decrease the experimental difficulty of implementing linear optical quantum computation.
We propose two interesting methods of generating the four-photon WWW state. These methods use parametric down-conversion processes, linear optical elements, and commercial photon detectors, which are readily feasible under current technology. They can also be used to generate the three-photon WWW state, the three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state, and the three-photon maximally entangled photon-number state (a typical photon-number entanglement state) by simply changing some experimental components or their parameters. Moreover, assuming we have photon number-resolving detectors, these methods can develop into methods that generate a general nnn-photon WWW state. They are expected to become powerful tools for experimental investigations of multipartite entanglement and its applications to quantum information processing.
We propose two interesting methods of generating the four-photon W state. These methods use parametric down-conversion processes, linear optical elements, and commercial photon detectors, which are readily feasible under current technology. They can also be used to generate the three-photon W state, the three-photon Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state, and the three-photon maximally entangled photon-number state (a typical photon-number entanglement state) by simply changing some experimental components or their parameters. Moreover, assuming we have photon number-resolving detectors, these methods can develop into methods that generate a general n -photon W state. They are expected to become powerful tools for experimental investigations of multipartite entanglement and its applications to quantum information processing.
A simple scheme is proposed to implement a two-qubit linear optical quantum iSWAP gate that is a universal gate in quantum computation and quantum information processing. By the interference effect of the polarized photons, a quantum iSWAP gate can be achieved with a low success probability (η4/32, with η being the quantum efficiency of photon detectors). The scheme is based only on simple linear optical elements, a pair of two-photon polarization entangled states, and conventional photon detectors that only distinguish the vacuum and nonvacuum Fock number states, which greatly decreases the experimental difficulty of implementing linear optical quantum computation.