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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

Quantum macroscopic XOR operation using nonclassical states formation in Mach-Zehnder interferometer

Alexei V. Prokhorov, A. Yu. Leksin, A. P. Alodjants, Sergei M Arakelyan

Published May 30, 2001• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In this paper we discuss the quantum optical element XOR (XOR-gate) on the basis of switching of macroscopic polarization states in Mach-Zehnder interferometer for single-photon pulses. It is shown that the state at the output of the optical system has the Schrodinger cat macroscopic superposition properties in polarization characteristics.

DOI
10.1117/12.428344

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In this paper we discuss the quantum optical element XOR (XOR-gate) on the basis of switching of macroscopic polarization states in Mach-Zehnder interferometer for single-photon pulses. It is shown that the state at the output of the optical system has the Schrodinger cat macroscopic superposition properties in polarization characteristics.
A method for producing macroscopic quantum superposition states (generally known as Schr\"odinger cat) states for optical fields is presented. The proposed method involves two modes of the field interacting dispersively in a Kerr medium where one of the modes is an arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the other mode is external to it. If the external mode initially contains a macroscopic quantum state, such as a coherent state, and the vacuum and a single photon state are the inputs to the interferometer, the external field state becomes entangled with the number states associated with the two paths of the interferometer. Selective measurement at the output ports of the interferometer project the external mode into the desired cat states. It is pointed out that the method can also be used to generate cat states out of multimode states initially containing correlations.
We suggest an all-optical scheme to generate entangled superposition of a single photon with macroscopic entangled states for testing macroscopic realism. The scheme consists of source of single photons, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in routes of which a system of coupled-down converters with type-I phase matching is inserted, and a beam splitter for the other auxiliary modes of the scheme. We use quantization of the pumping modes, depletion of the coherent states passing through the system, and interference effect in the pumping modes in the process of erasing which-path information of the single-photon on exit from the Mach-Zehnder interferometer. We show the macroscopic fields of the output superposition are distinguishable states. This scheme generates macroscopic entangled state that violates Bell's inequality. Moreover, the detailed analysis concerning change of amplitudes of entangled superposition by means of repeating this process many times is accomplished. We show our scheme works without photon number resolving detection and it is robust to detector inefficiency.
A Mach–Zehnder interferometer with a nonlinear medium in each arm is treated as an all-optical switching device. In a classical treatment, the interferometer can, in principle, operate as an ideal switch, but quantization of the electromagnetic fields limits the switching capability. In this treatment we illustrate the fundamental quantum limits that apply to switching in all-optical devices by studying the nonlinear Mach–Zehnder interferometer. In particular the input states are assumed to be coherent states and the reduction in the quality of the switching device is discussed.
We study the improvement in the phase sensitivity of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer using the superposition of Schrödinger’s cat-like state with the Fock state (SCFS) and the coherent state as inputs. With this setup, we examine the effect on phase sensitivity of the interferometer using a two-channel detection (TCD) scheme [ Opt. Express 29 , 95 ( 2021 ) OPEXFF 1094-4087 10.1364/OE.413391 ] in which we take the optimal combination of the intensities of both output ports. We find better phase sensitivity under some conditions for this setup as compared to other known combinations of inputs such as squeezed vacuum and coherent states, vacuum and coherent states, etc. Therefore, we expect that the SCFS may be an alternative nonclassical resource for improvement in the phase sensitivity of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, having potential application in quantum sensing.
Abstract Quantum superposition is normally sustained in a microscopic regime governed by Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle applicable to a single particle. Quantum correlation between paired particles implies the violation of local realism governed by classical physics. Over the last decades, quantum features have been implemented in various quantum technologies including quantum computing, communications, and sensing. Such quantum features are generally known to be impossible by any classical means. Here, a macroscopic quantum correlation is presented for coherence manipulations of polarization-path correlations of a continuous wave laser, satisfying the joint-parameter relation in an inseparable product-basis form. For the coherence control of the polarization-path correlation, a pair of electro-optic modulators is used in a noninterfering Mach-Zehnder interferometer for deterministic switching between paired polarization bases, resulting in the polarization product-basis superposition in a selective product-basis choice manner by a followed pair of acousto-optic modulators. This unprecedented macroscopic quantum feature opens the door to a new understanding of quantum mechanics beyond the microscopic regime for future classical optics-compatible quantum information.