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Physical Review

Ground-State Energy of the Charged Bose Gas

Donald Wright

Published Mar 4, 1966• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The ground-state energy of the charged Bose gas at high densities is determined by the method of Green's functions. The pair Hamiltonian of Girardeau and Arnowitt is used to calculate the Green's functions. The leading terms in the high-density expansion are found to agree exactly with those determined by Girardeau using a variational method.

DOI
10.1103/physrev.143.91

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The ground-state energy of the charged Bose gas at high densities is determined by the method of Green's functions. The pair Hamiltonian of Girardeau and Arnowitt is used to calculate the Green's functions. The leading terms in the high-density expansion are found to agree exactly with those determined by Girardeau using a variational method.
The ground-state energy of the charged Bose gas is calculated by the pair-correlation variational method of Girardeau and Arnowitt. The method is exact in the high-density limit (${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\ll}1$) and provides a variational extrapolation to intermediate densities. The leading terms of the high-density expansion, obtained by iteration of the variational integral equation, are ${u}_{0}=\ensuremath{-}0.804{{r}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{4}}\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{8})\mathrm{ln}{r}_{s}+O(1)$, where u0{u}_{0}u0​ is the ground-state energy per particle in Rydbergs and rs{r}_{s}rs​ is the ratio of the mean interparticle spacing to the Bohr radius. The first term was obtained previously by Foldy, but the logarithmic term is new; it is related to screening of the long-range correlations at a distance ${r}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}{{r}_{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}}{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$, in analogy with the logarithmic term in the correlation energy of the electron gas. Results of numerical solutions for the intermediate-density region are presented, ranging up to rs=10{r}_{s}=10rs​=10. On the basis of a comparison with the energy calculated from the known low-density expansion, it is estimated that the transition into Wigner's electron crystal (here a boson crystal) should occur at ${r}_{s}\ensuremath{\sim}5$.
Foldy, and later Girardeau, calculated the ground-state energy of a charged Bose gas at high density. We rederive the common first term obtained by these authors by using a nonperturbation method developed previously. Our aims are: (i) to establish the validity of this common result, which has not been proved; (ii) to establish the validity and usefulness of our nonperturbation method. We also show that our method will give the correct functional dependence of the ground-state energy on the density at low density, although the exact coefficient must await a numerical computation.
Green-function techniques are applied to the charged Bose gas at the absolute zero of temperature. The procedure permits some general remarks to be made concerning the expansions of the ground-state energy and depletion parameter in terms of rS{\mathcal{r}}_{S}rS​, the ratio of the interparticle spacing to the Bohr radius. It is found that these series contain not only all integer powers of rS34{{\mathcal{r}}_{S}}^{\frac{3}{4}}rS​43​ as had been conjectured, but additional functions of rS{\mathcal{r}}_{S}rS​ as well. The first-two terms in the expansion of the ground-state energy are calculated exactly as are the first-four terms in the expansion of the depletion parameter. The former expansion agrees with the results of Lee and Feenberg. The latter, containing a noninteger power of rS34{{\mathcal{r}}_{S}}^{\frac{3}{4}}rS​43​, is new. It is shown that the ground-state energy diagrams which must be summed in the Bose gas are characterized by equal numbers of variables of integration. It is emphasized that these are not the most divergent diagrams as in the electron-gas calculation of Gell-Mann and Brueckner. This difference leads us to reformulate the diagrammatic procedure so as to emphasize its self-consistency. The underlying similarity of the charged Fermi and Bose-gas calculations is then made apparent.
The ground-state energy of a charged boson gas at high density is evaluated exactly to second order in the density expansion, making use of complete sums of one- and two-ring diagrams. The result agrees numerically with Feenberg's variational calculation of the energy, although the methods appear to be substantially different. The presence of logarithmic terms in the energy, which are absent in the exact result, is shown to be a result of truncation of the Hamiltonian in the pair approximation or of inadequacies of variational wave functions which omit interpair correlations.
The simultaneous effects of the condensate and of the long-range nature of the interaction have made the high-density charged Bose gas an interesting theoretical problem. In this paper we present a straight-forward procedure which takes these effects into account. It is based on the perturbation theory in the Bogoliubov representation and the principle of the compensation of dangerous diagrams. Both the ground-state energy and the excitation spectrum are studied. Numerical results are given for the first two orders in rs34{{r}_{s}}^{\frac{3}{4}}rs​43​. The ground-state energy reduces to that calculated correctly by Brueckner, and earlier by Lee and Feenberg in a variational treatment. The excitation spectrum agrees with that calculated in our preceding paper using an entirely different method.
The ground state of a charged Bose gas is studied throughout a large range of densities in a self-consistent-field approximation formalism which includes the short-range correlations between bosons through a local-field correction. Numerical self-consistent calculations have been carried out in order to determine the static structure factor $S(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$. Hence, from $S(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ we have obtained the pair-correlation functions, the ground-state energy which essentially is the correlation energy, the pressure of the gas, and, from Feynman's relation, the energy spectrum of elementary excitations. The response of the system to a static impurity charge has also been investigated. In the high-density limit our calculations show the same results as those given by Bogoliubov's perturbation theory. In the intermediate-density region, corresponding to the strongly coupled system, our results are in very good agreement with recent calculations based on the hypernetted-chain integral equation as well as Monte Carlo computations.