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Optics Express

Efficient Raman frequency conversion by coherent feedback at low light intensity

Bing Chen, Kai Zhang, Cheng-ling Bian, Cheng Qiu, Chun-Hua Yuan, L. Q. Chen, Z. Y. Ou, Weiping Zhang

Published Apr 22, 2013• 9 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We experimentally demonstrate efficient Raman conversion to respective Stokes and anti-Stokes fields in both pulsed and continuous modes with a Rb-87 atomic vapor cell. The conversion efficiency is about 40-50% for the Stokes field and 20-30% for the anti-Stokes field, respectively. This efficient conversion process is realized with coherent feedback of both the Raman pump and the frequency-converted fields (Stokes or anti-Stokes). The experimental setup is simple and can be applied easily to produce light sources with larger frequency shifts using other Raman media with long coherence time. They may have potential applications in nonlinear optics, Raman spectroscopy and precision measurement.

DOI
10.1364/oe.21.010490

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We experimentally demonstrate efficient Raman conversion to respective Stokes and anti-Stokes fields in both pulsed and continuous modes with a Rb-87 atomic vapor cell. The conversion efficiency is about 40-50% for the Stokes field and 20-30% for the anti-Stokes field, respectively. This efficient conversion process is realized with coherent feedback of both the Raman pump and the frequency-converted fields (Stokes or anti-Stokes). The experimental setup is simple and can be applied easily to produce light sources with larger frequency shifts using other Raman media with long coherence time. They may have potential applications in nonlinear optics, Raman spectroscopy and precision measurement.
We experimentally demonstrate efficient Raman conversion to respective Stokes and anti-Stokes fields in both pulsed and continuous modes with a Rb-87 atomic vapor cell. The conversion efficiency is about 40-50% for the Stokes field and 20-30% for the anti-Stokes field, respectively. This conversion process is realized with feedback of both the Raman pump and the frequency-converted fields (Stokes or anti-Stokes). The experimental setup is very simple and can be applied easily to produce the light source with larger frequency difference using other Raman media. They may have wide applications in nonlinear optics, atomic physics, quantum optics and precise measurement.
By implementing a parametric down-conversion process with a strong signal field injection, we demonstrate that frequency down-conversion from pump photons to idler photons can be a coherent process. Contrary to a common misconception, we show that the process can be free of quantum noise. With an interference experiment, we demonstrate that coherence is preserved in the conversion process. This technique could lead to a high-fidelity quantum state transfer from a high-frequency photon to a low-frequency photon and connect a missing link in quantum networks. Coherent and efficient nonlinear interaction and frequency conversion are of great interest in many areas of quantum optics. Traditionally, the low efficiency of Raman scattering is improved by a high-finesse optical resonator or stimulated Raman conversion. It was recently found that the atomic spin wave initially built through electromagnetically induced transparency or a weak Raman process can actively enhance the Raman frequency conversion. An experimental demonstration of an efficient Raman conversion scheme with coherent feedback of both pump and Stokes fields is presented. The temporal profile of the generated Raman pulse shows that the coherence time of the atomic spin wave is $\sim$1.8 ms. A laser-like power threshold is observed and its low threshold is attributed to the long coherence time of the atomic spin wave. The mechanism of the conversion enhancement process is discussed and the conversion efficiency of a single pass of the beams is compared with that of double passes. Finally, a beat signal is observed between the two Stokes fields and its Fourier transform shows that the frequency difference is caused by the AC Stark effect. Precision phase measurement is traditionally restricted by the standard quantum limit. However, this limit is not as fundamental as the Heisenberg limit and can be circumvented by use of nonclassical quantum states and structure modification of the interferometers. Several examples of nonlinear interferometers are proposed and implemented. The wave propagation equations for the nonlinear interferometers are solved. The interference fringes are measured and compared with that of linear interferometers. The first nonlinear interferometer presented is based on second harmonic generation and degenerate parametric down-conversion. The second nonlinear interferometer is composed of two parametric amplifiers. The idea of nonlinear beam splitters is introduced as an analogy to traditional beam splitters. We show that a nonlinear interferometer can be built alternatively by using only one parametric amplifier. Type II phase-matched crystals can be used to increase the amplification factor. An interferometer based on a Raman amplifier is analyzed for its application to sensitive magnetic field measurement.
A new Raman process can be used to realize efficient Raman frequency conversion by coherent feedback at low light intensity [Chen B, Zhang K, Bian C L, Qiu C, Yuan C H, Chen L Q, Ou Z Y, and Zhang W P 2013 Opt. Express 21 , 10490]. We present a theoretical model to describe this enhanced Raman process, termed as cascade correlation-enhanced Raman scattering, which is a Raman process injected by a seeded light field. It is correlated with the initially prepared atomic spin excitation and driven by the quasi-standing-wave pump fields, and the processes are repeated until the Stokes intensities are saturated. Such an enhanced Raman scattering may find applications in quantum information, nonlinear optics, and optical metrology due to its simplicity.
A new process capable of scattering intense anti-Stokes waves that uses stimulated electronic Raman scattering in metal vapor is proposed. The coherent material excitation produced by a prepump pulse couples with the forthcoming main pulse exclusively to create polarization that radiates the anti-Stokes wave. The selection rule governed by angular momentum conservation is the key to cause such strong coupling to induce unidirectional upconversion without any population inversion. The power conversion efficiency from the pump wave to the anti-Stokes wave is theoretically expected to reach 100% in this process.
We investigate the nonlinear frequency conversion of nondiffracting optical modes via a nondegenerate four-wave mixing (FWM) process in rubidium vapor. In this process, two strong control fields and a weak probe field mutually interact via a four-level double-$\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$ type atomic system to produce a low frequency weak Stokes field which is a phase conjugate to probe. We show that any arbitrary mode such as Airy, Bessel, Mathieu, and Weber beams encoded initially in the spatial envelope of the probe field are efficiently transferred to the FWM Stokes field by satisfying the phase-matching condition. Interestingly, we found that the transmitted intensity profiles of the Stokes beam are identical to that of the probe beam, while the phase profile is complementary. The phase conjugation property of output beams is revealed by interfering them with a copropagating plane wave. We further found the fidelity in terms of structural similarity between two transmitted modes of about 9999%99, which substantiates the high efficiency of the FWM process. The efficient transfer and frequency conversion of such diffraction-free beams may have potential applications in nonlinear optical and quantum technologies.
We have experimentally demonstrated the enhancement of coherent Raman scattering in Rb\mathrm{Rb}Rb atomic vapor by exciting maximal atomic coherence with fractional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Experimental results are in good agreement with numerical simulations. The results support the possibility of increasing the sensitivity of coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy by preparing maximal atomic or molecular coherence using short pulses.