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The European Physical Journal Special Topics

High temperature BEC with photon-like atomic polaritons

Igor Yu. Chestnov, A. P. Alodjants, Sergei M Arakelyan

Published Feb 1, 2013• 1 citation
Publisher
DOI
10.1140/epjst/e2013-01766-6

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We study the problem of high-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of atom-light polaritons in a waveguide cavity appearing due to the interaction of two-level atoms with (nonresonant) quantized optical radiation in the strong-coupling regime and in the presence of optical collisions (OCs) with buffer-gas particles. Specifically, we propose a special biconical waveguide cavity (BWC), permitting localization and trapping of low-branch (LB) polaritons imposed by the variation of the waveguide radius in longitudinal direction. We have shown that the critical temperature of BEC occurring in the system can be high enough---a few hundred kelvins; it is connected with the photonlike character of LB polaritons and strongly depends on waveguide-cavity parameters. In the case of a linear trapping potential we obtain an Airy-shaped polariton condensate wave function which, when disturbed out of equilibrium, exhibits small-amplitude oscillations with the characteristic period in the picosecond domain.
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) is a thermodynamic phase transition of an interacting Bose gas. Its key signatures are remarkable quantum effects like superfluidity and a phonon-like Bogoliubov excitation spectrum, which have been verified for atomic BECs. In the solid state, BEC of exciton-polaritons has been reported. Polaritons are strongly coupled light-matter quasiparticles in semiconductor microcavities and composite bosons. However, they are subject to dephasing and decay and need external pumping to reach a steady state. Accordingly the polariton BEC is a nonequilibrium process of a degenerate polariton gas in self-equilibrium, but out of equilibrium with the baths it is coupled to and therefore deviates from the thermodynamic phase transition seen in atomic BECs. Here we show that key signatures of BEC can even be observed without fulfilling the self-equilibrium condition in a highly photonic quantum degenerate nonequilibrium system.
The experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) with atoms and quasiparticles has triggered wide exploration of macroscopic quantum effects.Microcavity polaritons are of particular interest because quantum phenomena such as BEC and superfluidity can be observed at elevated temperatures.However, polariton lifetimes are typically too short to permit thermal equilibration.This has led to debate about whether polariton condensation is intrinsically a nonequilibrium effect.Here we report the first unambiguous observation of BEC of optically trapped polaritons in thermal equilibrium in a high-Q microcavity, evidenced by equilibrium Bose-Einstein distributions over broad ranges of polariton densities and bath temperatures.With thermal equilibrium established, we verify that polariton condensation is a phase transition with a well-defined density-temperature phase diagram.The measured phase boundary agrees well with the predictions of basic quantum gas theory.