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Journal of Mathematical Physics

Grassmann algebra and fermions in the lattice: A simple example

S. M. de Souza, M. T. Thomaz

Published Dec 1, 1991• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Using the exact results for integrals of exponentials of polynomials of Grassmann variables and the Feynman construction of path integrals, an approximate method is presented to calculate the thermodynamic quantities of a fermionic system in equilibrium with a reservoir at temperature T and chemical potential μ. To exemplify, the quantum anharmonic fermionic oscillator is considered in a lattice with N points, where N=2, 3, and 4.

DOI
10.1063/1.529459

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Using the exact results for integrals of exponentials of polynomials of Grassmann variables and the Feynman construction of path integrals, an approximate method is presented to calculate the thermodynamic quantities of a fermionic system in equilibrium with a reservoir at temperature T and chemical potential μ. To exemplify, the quantum anharmonic fermionic oscillator is considered in a lattice with N points, where N=2, 3, and 4.
An exactly soluble fermionic system (anharmonic oscillator) is presented. Exact expressions for average quantities such as the number of particles, energy, and magnetization of an ensemble of quantum systems in equilibrium with a reservoir of particles and heat are derived. Critical curves of the average magnetization as a function of temperature are obtained for a lattice of interacting anharmonic oscillators within the mean field approximation. To clarify the role played by the parameters of the present model, the Ising model is studied as a limiting case.
The methods that have been described in previous chapters can be used to study general quantum Bose systems. They are based in a direct way on the introduction of a generating function of symmetric wave functions of bosons. In the case of fermion systems, however, one faces the problem that fermion wave functions, or fermion correlation functions (or Green functions) are antisymmetric with respect to the exchange of a fermion pair. Thus, the construction of generating functions requires the introduction of an antisymmetric or Grassmann algebra of ‘classical functions’. It is then possible to generalize to Grassmann algebras the notions of derivatives and integrals, yielding quite parallel formalisms for bosons and fermions, in particular, to define a path integral for fermion systems, analogous to the holomorphic path integral for bosons. This chapter discusses differentiation and integration in Grassmann algebras, Gaussian integrals and perturbative expansion, partition function, and quantum Fermi gas.
I present a numerical algorithm for direct evaluation of multiple Grassmann integrals. The approach is exact and suffers no Fermion sign problems. Memory requirements grow exponentially with the interaction range and the transverse size of the system. Low dimensional systems of order a thousand Grassmann variables can be evaluated on a workstation. In quantum field theory fermions are usually treated via integrals over anti-commuting Grassmann variables [2], providing an elegant framework for the formal establishment of Feynman perturbation theory. With non-perturbative approaches, such as Monte Carlo studies on the lattice, these objects are more problematic. Essentially all approaches formally integrate the fermionic fields in terms of determinants depending only on bosonic fields. When a background