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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Stimulated Raman scattering in a fibre

B. J. Yang, Wei Guo

Published Feb 28, 1996• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The symmetry of rotation - vibration states of the molecule is described by group U(5). The matrix elements of stimulated Raman scattering are calculated by means of the group theory approach in fibre. The cross sections and gain coefficients of stimulated Raman scattering are given. The results are in agreement with the experimental values.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/29/4/025

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The symmetry of rotation - vibration states of the molecule is described by group U(5). The matrix elements of stimulated Raman scattering are calculated by means of the group theory approach in fibre. The cross sections and gain coefficients of stimulated Raman scattering are given. The results are in agreement with the experimental values.
The Raman effect is the inelastic scattering of photons by matter. When a monochromatic light beam (pump beam) propagates in an optical fibre, spon- taneous Raman scattering transfers some of the photons to new frequencies. The probability of a photon scattering to a particular frequency shift, depends on that frequency shift, forming a characteristic spectrum. The scattered photons may lose energy (Stokes) or gain energy (anti-Stokes). If the pump beam is linearly polarized, then the polarization of scattered photons may be the same (parallel scattering) or orthogonal (perpendicular scattering). If photons are already present at other frequencies then the probability of scattering to those frequencies is enhanced (stimulated scattering). In this thesis, the equations governing the Raman effect, both in bulk glass and single mode fibre, are restated. The probability of spontaneous scattering (parallel and perpendicular) in an optical fibre has been measured for frequency shifts between 4THz and 58THz. Particular attention has been given to those frequency shifts where the scattering is intrinsically weak. This has identified those frequency shifts where it might be possible to eliminate Raman noise from experiments designed to generate quantum states of light in optical fibres using four wave mixing. From the measured scattering probabilities, the Raman equations can be used to predict the scattering cross-section in bulk glass. The prediction is found to be in reasonable agreement with measurements of the bulk glass cross-section published by other authors. By increasing the pump power, the transition to stimulated scattering has been observed. In the case of Stokes scattering there is reasonable agreement between the Raman equations and experimental observations. In the case of anti-Stokes scattering, and in the limit of very high pump power, behaviour is observed which is not predicted by the Raman equations, indicating that other processes must be included to successfully describe such experiments.
Polarization effects in stimulated Raman and stimulated Rayleigh scattering and self focusing are investigated from the viewpoint of the scattering of polarized photons by molecules. Both stimulated vibrational Raman scattering in liquids and stimulated rotational Raman scattering in gases are considered, and it is demonstrated that the polarization changes and relative power thresholds for different laser polarizations should be somewhat different to those predicted in other theories. For example, the ellipticity eta 0 of the stimulated rotational Raman photons in the forward direction from Delta J=+or-2 transitions in gaseous symmetric top molecules is given in terms of the initial ellipticity eta 1 by sin 2 eta 0 = - 5 / 7 sin 2 eta 1 , whereas conventional theories predict that eta 0 and eta 1 are equal in magnitude and opposite in sign. Furthermore it is shown that deviations from this relation could provide a measure of the degree of optical orientation of the molecules.
An analysis is made of some features of spontaneous resonance Raman scattering representing a noise signal which is amplified by a strong field in a nonlinear medium. A detailed review is made of the experimental results obtained in investigations of the spectra of stimulated preresonance and resonance Raman scattering in nonlasing and lasing systems. It is shown that, depending on the experimental conditions, these spectra may be due to transitions between vibrational levels of molecules which are in the ground or first excited electronic states. The example of several compounds is used to demonstrate the information which can be derived from such spectra. Possible practical applications of studies of such spectra are indicated. The physical basis of the theory of stimulated resonance Raman scattering is discussed and conclusions are drawn on the nature and mechanism of this Raman effect.